1450-1750

Medieval Climactic Optimum ends

1300

800-1300

Buddhism rift emerges (ASIA); 1300 for ease of read

1300

Theravada- simplicity- S Asia
Mahayana- rituals, deities, afterlife E Asia
Zen (Ch'an)
Tibetan- Turkic and Mongol- own traditions 300's on continued to split

Little Ice Age

Period: 1300 to 1850

from 1300 and 1400s peaked in 1500 and 1850s

Miniature painting and carpet weaving (PER)

1350

muraqqas
spread to Ottoman Empire and Mughal India
colored illustrations
human-- not realism- idealized version of reality

Ming Dynasty (CHI)

Period: 1368 to 1644

porcelain
Journey to the West
monk journey to India
matched vernacular

High Renaissance (IT)

Period: 1400 to 1500

Michelangelo and da Vinci

Northern Renaissance (EUR)

Period: 1400 to 1600

Dutch Erasmus: In Praise of Folly debate Luther
Thomas More: utopia
Miguel de Cervantes- Don Quixote
Shakespeare

Prince Henry the Navigator (PORT)

1410

Portugal; claimed the Azores and Africa W Coast

Movable Type Printing Press invented (GER)

1430

Gutenberg

Conquest of Constantinople (OTT)

1453

expansion led by Suleiman the Magnificent- in SE Europe and N Africa
circle of justice- bureaucracy - devshirme- janissaries enslaved Christians
millet system- org non muslims into categories
jizya tax

Bart Diaz reaches S Africa (PORT)

1488

preached S tip of Africa, cape of Good Hope; Portugese

Chris Columbus sails to 'far east; (IT, SP)

1492

Italian captain to Sp monarchs - Ferd and Isabella - reached bahamas

Columbian Exchange

Period: 1492 to 1800

coffee- from Afr- 1700s
From am: manioc, corn, potatoes, squash, sweet potatoes, chili, beans, peanuts, tomatoes, tobacco, caco
Sugarcane introduced to Americas
Okra and rice from Africa and wheat, olives, grape, citrus, fruit, grains
malaria from Afr
small pox, measles, influenza burnign of coal and wood fires-- pollution
water mills and wind mills
hunting of whales
quest of furs
fishing
textiles trade expanded
mining for metal

Askia Mohammad rules Songhai (AFR)

Period: 1493 to 1528

ruler of Songhai kingdom asserted over Mali faded- control over Timbuktu-
general usurper
centralized power complex bureacracy and Islam
expanded trade merchant class exchanged salt for gold
Epic of Askia mohammad- griot storytellers invaded by Morocco- one N Af state not ruled by Ottomans

John Cabot explores Canadas arctic waters (ENG)

1497

also Carrib- Barbados and Jamaica- sugar

Vasco da Gama lands in Calicut (PORT)

1498

reached India

Eng Established Parliamentarism (ENG)

1500

since 1200s- Magna Carta
Henry VII and Elizabeth I shared power with Parliament

Voodooism

1500

Emerged in carribean mix of W Afr and elements of Christ and NA animal worship "vodum"

Virgin of Guadalupe (MEX)

1500

a loved Mary- Mary mother of Jesus with own goddess in Aztecs and Nahuatl
Mexican Catholicism

Ismail I rose to power in Safavid Empire (SAF)

1501

Persia rose to power in
Shiite form of Islam
warred with Sunni Ottomans
silks, ceramics, Persian rugs

Portugese build trading post empire in world (PORT)

1507

1507- Muscat Oman
1510 - Goa
1511- Melaka
Sri Lanka

Florida falls to Ponce de Leon (SP)

1513

mainland to conquistadors

Protestant Reformation + Lutheranism (GER)

1517

Catholic hierarchy
Martin Luther
attack on Catholic doctrine
founded Lutheranism
95 theses

Calvinism formed (SWISS)

1519

Geneva- stricter Protestants
in France-- Huguenots
Dutch Republic (Reformed Church)
England (Puritans)
Scotland (Presbyterians)

German Peasant's War (GER)

1520

300k ag landowners and aristocrats in c Eur
food riots

Atlantic Slave Trade Begins

1520

First African Slaves to New World til 1800s
1000- 1400s
2000- 1500s
325k in 2 centures
1 mill- 1600s
6 mill- 1700s
total: 12.5 mill
37% to Brazil
15% Sp Carrib
5% to Am South
middle passage

Suleiman the Magnificent (OTT)

Period: 1520 to 1566

last gifted Sultan of Ottomans lawmaker and ruler
sultan blended secular dictates with Sharia/Islamic law
softened fundamentalist Muslim his successors-- milit efforts went poorly- lost w famines, Habsburg Empire and Safavid Persians- Osman II assas in 1622

Hernan Cortez conquers Aztecs (SP)

1521

Tenochtitlan becomes Mexico City- New Spain HQ

Ferdinand Magellan (PORT)

1522

1519-1522
Circumnavigation of globe

Mughal Empire (IND)

Period: 1526 to 1858

descendent of Genghis Khan Babur invaded Delhi Sultanate
conquered india
from Mongol- mogul- persian word
Muslim turned into a gunpowder empire
transformed zamindars into regional governers
econ boomed bc of cotton trade

Lines of demarcation drawn (EUR)

1529

pope gave N and S Am to Spanish and Brazil to Port
1492-1529

Francisco Pizarro conquers Incas (SP)

1530

Jacques Cartier in Canada (FR)

1530

maps St Lawrence

Church of England/Anglican Church founded (ENG)

1534

Henry VIII formed

New Spain was made a viceroyalty (SP)

1535

colonial activity through House of Trade in Seville
coerced labor and encomienda grant system- abolished in 1540
New slavery from Africa/Carrib - 1510s

Andreas Vesalius (FLEM)

1540

revolutionized study of medicine on anatomy

On the Rev of Heavenly Spheres (POL)

1543

Nicolas Copernicus wrote
first astronomy book
heliocentric theory proof

Francis Xavier brought Christ to Asia (ASIA)

1549

Catholic Counter Reformation

1550

Index of Forbidden Books
art and architecture for grandeur
St Peters Basilica (1506-1626)

All Mayan writing burned (AM)

1550

Spanish priests burned
Mesoamerican codices Aztec preserved-- interhange
Florentine Codex-- written in Nahuatl, Sp, and Latin-- richly illustrated

Scientific Revolution (EUR)

Period: 1550 to 1700

culminated with Newton

Akbar the Great rules (IND)

Period: 1556 to 1605

gunpowder conquest
religious tolerance
abolished jizya non muslim tax
married Hindu princess grandson Shah Jahan- Taj Mahal-
Indo Persian cultural fusion

Tokugawa and Reunification of Japan (JAP)

Period: 1560 to 1615

Port had arrived in 1540s
Tokugawa Ieyasu- commander shogun in 1603- great peace
Tokugawa era
Edo moved capital (Tokyo)
caste system was justified by Confucianism
Salaried samurai- bureaucrats and civil servants isolationism- trend from late 1500s
national seclusion policy
foreign access in Nagasaki
Dutch east india company partner- dutch learning
rice prod doubled 1600-1720
urbanized- roads and canals; merchant class

Francis Drake sails around the world (ENG)

1580

1577-

Russia Established land empire in Sibera (RUS)

1580

1580-1778

Agra built (IND)

1580

Taj Mahal Shah Jahan to wife
Red Fort- royal residence

Dutch establish Parliamentarism (DUT)

1581

freed from Sp rule- stadtholder- pres equivalent- shared power with States General
Venice created a similar

Grand Palace of Isfahan (PER)

1597

Shah AbbasMosque
Ali Qapu

France seizes Carrib (FR)

1600

also seized, Martinique, St Domingue (Haiti), sugarcane and coffee

British East India Company founded (ENG)

1600

managed relations with S and SE Asia
seized Melaka from Dutch

Gunpowder Empires (ME)

1600

Mughal India
Ottoman and Safavid states
around 1500-1600s
had new weaponry

Eur interference in (IND)

1600

many provinces seceded in India
Eng built textile factories in Calcutta &Madras
Bombay ceded to British E India Company
Port- Ceylon/sri lanka
Fr- Pondicherry 1750s- Eng won in Seven Years War- Eng turned to India

Sikhism warrior culture

1600

one true God
pacifist but when Mughal emperor killed guru
large army- Khalsa-- 30 mill followers

Rene Descartes (FR) and Roger Bacon (ENG) scientific method

1600

established

British East India Company Founded (ENG)

1600

joint stock

Celali Revolts (OTT)

1600

Ottoman sultans struggled

Triangular Trade emerges

Period: 1600 to 1700

emerges in America
Eur textiles, metalware, firarms, gin, rum brought to
Afr West Coast would share gold, ivory, slaves
Americas- for sugar, tobacco, furs, cotton
Africa-- shopped back to Europe

Dutch East India Company founded (DUT)

1602

E India- Indonesia
1621- West India Company to oversee colonies

Dutch East India Company Founded (DUT)

1602

Tokugawa Culture (JAP)

Period: 1603 to 1868

Kabuki theater- acrobats and swordplay
ukiyo-e painting
middle class

Company of New France Founded (FR)

1604

Jamestown founded by John Smith (ENG)

1607

first successful settlement in New World

Samuel Champlain founds Quebec (FR)

1608

and Comp of New France 1620s
fur trade through LO and Miss river basin and Great Lakes

Henry Hudson explored NY (DUT)

1609

New Amsterdam- purchased Manhattan from a tribe; New Amsterdam thrived- 1664-1674, Engl won in Anglo Dutch Wars

Galileo and Kepler (EUR)

1615

popularized Copernicus's theory
Kepler-- proved elliptical orbits
Galileo-tried and forced to reject science in public

Blue Mosque (IST)

1616

Istanbul
distract from Ottoman defeats from Persia

Thirty Years War (EUR)

Period: 1618 to 1648

religious and political tensions between the Catholic Habsburg dynasty and the Protestant states of the Holy Roman Empire, which was a loose confederation of German-speaking states.
Defenestration of Prague, in which a group of Bohemian Protestants threw two Habsburg officials out of a window, leading to the Bohemian Revolt against Habsburg rule.
Peace of Westphalia,1648 that recognized the sovereignty of individual states within the Holy Roman Empire and religious tolerance.

Mayflower Pilgrims Plymouth Rock, Puritans (ENG)

1628

founded MA Bay Colony

Li Zicheng peasant revolt (CHI)

1630

about 1600s massive influx of silver declines Ming empire

Li Zicheng peasant war (CH)

1630

abol grain taxes and redist
Dashing King
brought down Ming dynasty

Palace of Versailles built (FR)

1634

King Louis XIV- power and absolute monarch
14th Sun King

Red Fort built (IND)

1638

delhi
residence of Mughal Shah Jahan

English Civil War (ENG)

Period: 1640 to 1649

execution of king by Parl and led by Purtian Oliver Cromwell. Royal fam came back in 1660- latter overthrew king

Qing Empire (CHI)

Period: 1644 to 1912

door to conquest by Manchus
"pure" empire- warlords
S China and Taiwan (Formosa)
Mongolia, Tibet, C Asia
tributary system
enforced ehtnical and strat
traded with Qing nations
Chris banned
Canton all sold tea silk porcelain
trade protectionist few exports

Boers in South Africa (DUT, AFR)

1650

mid 1600s
Dutch colonists named Boers controlled S Afr
AKA Afrikaners- enslaved peaceful Xhosa - war with Zulu and Eng Port power in E Afr broken
Omani Arabs rose up and expelled port
Port still a presence in Afr

Cossack and serf uprisings (RUS)

1650

Russia struggled ongoing
Stenka Razin
Pugachev revolt-shook Catherine the Great

Aurangzeb (IND)

Period: 1658 to 1707

Akbars great grandson
militant Muslim; declined Mughals fortunes
reimposed tax
Sharia and restrictions
militarized Sikhs put Guru to death
secession of Maratha Empire- W C India

Louis XIV 14th (Sun King) reigns (FR)

Period: 1661 to 1714

absolutist monarch
influenced by Fronde who killed his dad (Fr civil war)
centralized, nobles of robe instead of nobles of sword (traditional powerful families)
Versailles palace, largest army and navy
involved in too many wards
worsened bc of debt - caused Fr Revolution in 1700s

Kangxi Emperor reigns (CHI)

Period: 1661 to 1722

one of Chinas greatest rulers
mandate of heaven
confucianism
respect to authority
appreciated Wests tech aptitude

Hudson's Bay Company founded (ENG)

1670

to search for Furs in Canada/Fr
indentured servitude and Atl slave trade

Hudson Bay Company Founded (Eng)

1670

Peter the Great reigns Russ (RUS)

Period: 1672 to 1725

studying everything from shipbuilding to military tactics, and brought back ideas and technologies to Russia. He also implemented sweeping reforms in areas such as education, government administration, and the military.
St. Petersburg as Russia's new capital, the creation of a strong navy, and the expansion of Russia's borders through military conquest
Table of Ranks- forced Nobles to serve the state

Ashanti kingdom powerful (AFR)

1680

founded by Osei Tutu
Kongo was a Bantu state
long and coercive partnership with Port conv to Cath, Eur names
favorable trade
defeated fellow Africans and sold to Portugese as slaves sold gold in exchange for gunpower

Quaker William Penn found Pennsylvania (ENG)

1681

1683 Siege of Vienna (OTT)

1683

Ottomans last offensive ag Europe- responded by Catholic counter offensive
lost terr to Aus and Russia in 1700s
declined in 1800s

The Enlightenment (EUR, AM)

Period: 1685 to 1815

power of rational thought
John Locke of England- logic and progressive ideas

Principia published (ENG)

1687

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)laws of motion
gravity
system of calculus
Newtonian physics

Abbas the Great rules Persia (SAFF)

Period: 1687 to 1628

gunpowder weaponry and military slavery
he centralized the government, strengthened the military, and expanded the empire's territory, particularly in the Caucasus and the Persian Gulf. He also encouraged trade and commerce and established diplomatic relations with European powers, including England and the Netherlands.
empire fell to famines and plagues in 1700s

Glorious Rev of of 1688 (ENG)

1688

Invited Dutch Prince William of Orange to become King but sign English bill of rights- curtailed monarch and Parliament as dominant political system.

Carl Linnaeus (SWED)

1700

system of classification began

Russia explore waters New World (RUS)

1730

also took Alaska and Aleutian Islands
1730s-40s
sold to America in 1867
Native Siberians- coerced hunting yasak

Frederick the Great Reigns (PRUS)

Period: 1740 to 1786

greatest military and political leaders in European history
skilled military strategist and successfully led Prussia through several major conflicts, including the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War.
modernization of the army, the establishment of a state-run education system, and the promotion of religious tolerance. initiated infrastructure projects such as the construction of roads, canals, and public buildings.

China summer palace built (CHI)

1750

garden in Beijing Qing emperors

Capitalism emerges (EUR)

1750

French and Indian Wars (Fr, Eng)

Period: 1756 to 1763

Offshoot of Sever Years War
England took Canada from France
French driven down Miss to Louisiana- descendants are Cajuns
Eng troops defeated Mughal allies to French- Eng would colonize India

Seven Years War

Period: 1756 to 1763

true world war
In North America, the conflict was known as the French and Indian War
shifted Canada and Ind to great britain
set into motion Am Rev
involving major European powers and their colonies in North America, India, and elsewhere. The war was fought between two opposing alliances: the British-led coalition of Prussia, Hanover, and several smaller German states, against the French-led coalition of Austria, Russia, Saxony, Sweden, and several German states.