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The term Ottoman was derived from Osman Bey, the founder of the dynasty. Osman was the chief of group of seminomadic Turks who migrated to northwestern Anatolia in the 13th century. The empire began in Anatolia and expanded through military victories and the conquering of more territory.
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The Ottoman's first great success. They captured the Anatolian city Bursa. Bursa became the capital of the Ottoman empire.
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When the Ottoman's seized the fortress of Gallipoli while aiding a claimant to the Byzantine throne and consequently established a foothold in Europe. The city of Edirne became a second Ottoman capital and served as a base for further expansion into the Balkans.
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He became known as Mehmed the Conqueror and after the capture of Constantinople, the great city, he presented himself not just as a warrior-sultan but as a true emperor, ruler of "two lands" (Europe and Asia) and ruler of two seas (the Black Sea and the Mediterranean). His army never faced any serious rivals, and he laid the foundations for a tightly centralized absolute monarchy.
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Mehmed II captured Constantinople and opened a new chapted in Ottoman expansion. Constantinople became the new Ottoman capital also known as Istanbul. Mehmed worked to make it into a commercial center.
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The Aq-Qoyunlu Confederation had control over Persia at this time. Turkish warriors, known as Qizilbash, who shared the land in Persia with the Aq-Qoylunlus, joined forces with Ismail and provided him with an army to gain control of Persia. In 1501 Ismail won and declared Tabriz in northwestern Persia the new Safavid capital.
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Ismail was the founder of the empire. At the age of 14 he sought revenge against his families enemies when he entered Tabriz at the head of an army and laid claim to the acient Persian title of Shah. He set the stage for the events that would occur during the Safavid reign by proclaiming Twelver Shiism as the official religion of his realm. He gained control of the Iranian Plateau.
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The empire was founded by Shah Ismail in who reigned from 1501 to 1524. He declared the official religion as Twelver Shiism and imposed it on all of the population. They named the empire after Safi al-Din, a leader of the Sufi order in northwestern Persia who they traced their ancestry back to. Throughout their rule they changed their religious preferences in the hope of gaining popular support before settling on a form of Shiism. Overall their culture was based on Shiism and Turkish militancy.
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He continued Ottoman expansion in the early 16th century by occupying Syria and Egypt.
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The Ottomans were Sunni and they despised the Shiite Safavids and feared the spread of Safavid religious propoganda persuading the nomadic Turks in their area. As a result, the Ottoman attacked the Safavids and hindered the state to a great extent, and the two empires had conflicts for the next two centuries.
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Sulyman vigorgously promoted Ottoman expansion in southwest Asia and in Europe. Under his rule the Ottomans became a major naval power. There was a lot of successful expansion in Asia, Europe, and in islands such as Rhodes island, Malta, Yemem, and Aden.
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When Ismail passes on, his 10-year-old son takes over. His young age lead to conflict between several Qizilbash factions who were trying to gain power through attaining advisory positions in the empire. The first decade of his reign was a struggle since he needed to prevent a Qizilbash revolt while simultaneously keeping the Uzbeks from taking Khurasan and the Ottomans from taking Tabriz.
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Suleyman defeated and killed the king of Hungary in the Battle of Mohacs. He also consolidated Ottoman power north of Danube.
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Zahir al-Din Muhammad, known as Babur "the Tiger" was a Chaghatai Turk who claimed descent from Chinggis Khan and Tamerlane. He appeared in northern India, started invasions in 1523, and used the aid of gunpower weapons to gain control. In 1526 he took Delhi and the Mughal empire was established.
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He subjected the Hasburgs' city of Vienna to a short, but terrifying siege.
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By the time of his death Babur's Mughal empire encompassed a realm that spanned from Kabul through the Punjab to the borders of Bengal, covering almost the entire subcontinent of India.
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Suleyman conquered Baghdad and added the Tigris and Euphrates valleys to the Ottoman territory.
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After the Ottomans were less successful in attacks against the Safavids, the two groups decided to sign a treaty which maintained peace for the 25 years following the agreenment.
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Akbar was Babur's grandson, a great ruler, who sculpted the empire. He was the most important ruler of the empire. He created a centralized administrative structure with ministries regulating the states of the empire. His military campaigns gained them power in Gujarat and Bengal and he began to absorb the Hindu kingdom of Vigayanagar. This sparked Mughal expansion in southern India. He accepted all religious, ethnic, and social groups of India.
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After an arguement with Adham Khan, the Mughal army commander, Akbar thre Khan out a window then dragged him back from the palace courtyard and tossed him out again to make sure he was dead. This event symbolizes Abkar taking total control of his empire. From this point on he did not tolerate challenges to his rule.
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Ismail II was the son and successor of Shah Tahmasp. He was an unstable ruler who killed many of his family members and followers for unclear reasons. He also attempted to return the Safavid empire to Sunniism. He was murdered a year after taking power. (The picture is of the Safavid flag under his reign).
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Shah Abbas fully recovered the Safavid empire after the destruction they faced after the Battle of Chaldiran. He moved the capital to Isfahan, a more central location, encouraged foreign trade, and reformed the military and administrative branches. He formed alliances with Europeans against the Ottomans and increased the use of gunpowder weapons. His military campaigns brought most of northwestern Iran, the Caucasus, and Mesopotamia under Safavid rule.
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After a century of Ottoman rule, Baghdad was under Safavid rule once again.
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Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal as a tomb for his wive, Mumtaz Mahal, who died during child birth in 1631. It was built over a period of 18 years. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BnmrOLOQDA8&feature=fvst
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Shah Jahan ordered the famous peacock throne encrusted with diamonds, rubies, emeralds, and pearls. He is also the creator of the Taj Mahal.
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During his reign the Mughal empire reachest it's peak. He ran an aggressive campaign to expand the Mughal rule deep into southern India. By the early 18th century the Mughals ruled all of Inida other than a small region at the southern tip. Their were many rebellions and reilious tensions between Hindus and Muslims during his reign. He was a devout Muslim and did not follow Akbar's religious toleration. He demolished many Hindu temples and replaced them with mosques and imposed tax on Hindus.
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After the rule of Aurangzeb, the empire faces a decline after the havoc brought on by his radical ways. The Mughal creativity and territory was no longer increasing. After Aurangzeb's rule the Mughal empire consisted of puppet governments subject to British and French control. In 1858 the British took control.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml
