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Period: to
Gilded age
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Period: to
transforming the west
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homestead act
The homestead act gave 160 acres to any free American to settle in the west in order to populate the west. If they stayed for six months, they could by their land for only 1.25 dollars. This gave impoverished people the chance to own land. 1.6 million Americans would be approved for the homestead act. During the civil war, the south voted against the act because it would restrict the number of slave states compared to free states. -
Period: to
becoming an industrial power
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Nativist
A Nativist is a native born immigrant that wants to restrict access into the united states Nativist are especially hostile to the immigration of Irish Catholics and campaigned for laws to require longer wait time for migrants to become citizens. Charlestown,Massachusetts, a nativist mob attacked and burned down a Catholic convent in 1834 (no one was injured). In the 1840s, small scale riots between Catholics and nativists took place in several American cities. -
cowboys
Cowboys helped transport large cattle drives to their destination. 12 men could transport 3000 cattle heads. Many could get rich transporting cattle to train-stations. Northern markets bought cattle heads for 40$ each compared to 5$ in Texas. Soon after 1890, the major land disputes closed off cattle drives the the public and the invention of barbed wire closed off cattle drives in the west. Hollywood movies popularized cowboys in the 20th century despite their short climax in the economy. -
cattle drives
Cattle traveling to Texas to Kansas allowed the cattle to be transported to large cities where they were worth five to 20 times than in Texas. Most drives to California took five or six months. A 12-man crew could manage a herd of 2,000 to 3,000 head. The cattle drives would travel through owned property which annoyed local farmers which soon implemented barbed wire on the perimeters of their farms in order to prevent cattle drives from crossing their land. -
Tenements
19th century, immigrants and workers from the countryside were housed in small 3 to for 4 story buildings that were dark inside due to the lack of windows. In 1865 a report stated that 500,000 people lived in unhealthy living areas such as these tenements. Tenement House Act of 1867 tried to fix living conditions by prohibited cellar apartments unless the ceiling was 1 foot above street level; required one water closet per 20 residents and paid some attention to space between buildings -
transcontinental railroad
The First Transcontinental Railroad in North America was built in the 1860s, it connected 2 major railroad companies both located in the east and the west. The transcontinental railroad was completed May 10, 1869. The large number of people who traveled on the railroad increased economic activity throughout the united states. The change in the environment was due to the placing of tracks along the trail. Large cities emerged near railroad tracks due to in increase of commercialization. -
John Rockefeller
John D Rockefeller owned the Standard Oil Company and became one of the world’s wealthiest men. Born in up state New York, he entered the oil business in 1863 by investing in a Cleveland refinery. In 1870, he established Standard Oil, which by the early 1880s controlled some 90 percent of U.S. refineries and pipelines. Critics accused Rockefeller of engaging in unethical practices to create a monopoly. During his life Rockefeller donated more than $500 million to various philanthropic causes. -
Boss Tweed
Tweed became a powerful figure in Tammany Hall–New York City’s Democratic political machine–in the late 1850s. By the mid 1860s, he had risen to the top position in the organization and formed the “Tweed Ring,” which openly bought votes, encouraged judicial corruption and dominated New York City politics. The Tweed Ring reached its final fraud days in 1871 with the remodeling of the City Court House. Large sums of city taxes were used and the New York Times covered the strory. -
Bessemer process
This process allowed the mass production of steel to be cheaper than the original steel creation process. The removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten allowing the iron to become steel. After this was shown to Andrew Carnegie, he invested in the project to help build his own company. This lead to him leading a monopoly on the steel industry. -
mail order catalogues
Mail order catalogues made use of the railroad system in the late 1800s buy sending products to the individuals directly. Aaron Montgomery Ward of Chicago produced a mail-order catalogue for his Montgomery Ward mail order business. By buying goods and then reselling them directly to customers, Aaron Ward was consequently removing the middlemen at the general store and to the benefit of the customer, lowering the prices drastically. These books would be filled with thousands of products. -
telephone
Alexander Graham Bell is given credit for the invention of the telephone because of his successful patent in 1876 where he made the first phone call. Bell became facisnated in the telephone while he was working on the harmonic telegram. Soon after The Bell Telephone Company was organized on July 9, 1877. In January 1915, Bell was invited to make the first transcontinental phone call which was a call from new york to san Francisco. -
George Armstrong Custer
Custard was a Civil War cavalry commander and Indian fighter. Born in New Rumley, Ohio, Custer entered West Point in 1857, Custer led the Seventh Cavalry as one force in a three-pronged campaign against Sitting Bull’s alliance of Sioux and Cheyenne camps in Montana. He under estimated the number of enemies and divided his regiment against 2500 warriors. He is the cause of the deaths of 250 of his men. This event became known as " custards last stand". -
farmers alliance
The Farmers Alliance was an organized economic support movement among American farmers that developed and flourished in 1875. The movement included several organizations — the National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union among the white farmers of the South. One goal included the crop-lien system on farmers in the period following the American Civil War. The Farmers Alliance moved into politics in the early 1890s under the banner of the People's Party, commonly known as the "Populists." -
Exodusters
The first large migration of African Americans towards the west for the opportunity for a better life. They were escaping the local growth of the ku klux klan and other push backs set after the civil war. Many will settle in bad farmland and they will have to resettle back to the south. The most successful of the Exodusters were those who moved to urban centers and found work as domestic or trade workers. Many steamboat captains refused to carry Exodusters and many landed in st. Louis. -
lightbulb
Thomas Edison, a famous inventor tried to produce the electrical bulb in the late 1870s. Many invested in his science programs because they knew the changes it could make including J. P. Morgan. It took Edison many tries to perfect the lightbulb but soon after the use of carbonized bamboo, Edison made the first public demonstration of his incandescent light bulb on December 31, 1879, in Menlo Park. Soon millions of lightbulbs were made and transported around the country. -
child labor
children were allowed to work in large factories in the late 1800s due to the need for labor. Children were paid less then adults and they could fit in smaller locations. Children were easier to control then adults except soon after 19th century reformers called to restrict child labor in factories and in 1930s jobs were promoted towards adults due to the great depression. Children where pushed more towards schools in order to gain an education instead of working in a factory. -
James Garfield assassination
He was born in Ohio, in 1831. On July 2, 1881, in a Washington railroad station, an embittered attorney who had sought a consular post shot the President. Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, a disgruntled office seeker, at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C. on July 2, 1881. After eleven weeks of intensive and other care Garfield died on a New Jersey seaside. For a few days he seemed to be recuperating, but on September 19,1881, he died from an infection -
strikes
Strikes took place in various parts of the country due to unfair conditions that were shown in the country. major problems after the 1880s created the Knights of labor which carried on strikes and organized along industrial lines. The threatened national trade unions demanded that the group confine itself to its professed labor reform purposes; when it refused, they joined in December 1886 to form the American Federation of Labor. -
chinese immigration act
During Chester Arthurs presidency he enacted the Chinese immigration act that restricted the first ethnic restriction of immigration into the united states. This lasted for 10 years and created tension in America between native born and Chinese immigrants. In 1902 Chinese residents needed to prove residence in order to prevent deportation. In 1943 congress repealed all immigration restrictions. A limit quota of 170,000 Chinese immigrants could enter the US in 1968. -
time zones
American railroads had many different time zones due to the large expansion over north America. Each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules.Time calculation became a serious problem for people traveling by train Every city used different times making deliveries and traveling difficult. Trains would be too late or too early when ending at there destination. Soon the creation of 4 time zones in the United states allowed easier communication of trains. -
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie started work as a telegrapher when he was younger, and by the 1860s had investments in railroads that were supported by his connections. He invested in a cheaper way to develop steel. He built Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. P. Morgan in 1901 for $480 million. It became the U.S. Steel Corporation. After selling Carnegie Steel, he surpassed John D. Rockefeller as the richest American for the next couple of years. -
labor unions
Unions began forming in the mid-19th century in response to the social and economic impact of the industrial revolution. National labor unions began to form in the post-Civil War Era. The Knights of Labor emerged as a major force in the late 1880s, but it collapsed because of poor organization, lack of effective leadership, and of disagreement of over goals. Many strikes hired immigrants that would accept the working conditions instead of changing their policies. -
Haymarket riot
During the 1880s, the amount of strikes were growing and labor radicals retaliated against the Chicago police during a protest and a bomb was thrown towards the crowd killing several police officers and wounding several others. eight men, labeled as anarchists, were convicted defendants to the bombing. Judge Joseph E. Gary imposed the death sentence on seven of the men, and the eighth was sentenced to 15 years in prison. On November 11, 1887, four of the men were hanged. -
buffalo bill's wild west show
In 1883, Cody staged an outdoor extravaganza called the “Wild West" in Nebraska. When the show was a success, Cody realized that he could give a better portral of the west if he placed the show outside. The result was “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West,” a circus-like show
celebrating life in the West. Cody performed his show all around the nation to appreciative crowds often numbering 20,000 people. western outdoor skills like rope tricks, bulldogging, and amazing feats of marksmanship were shown. -
settlement movement
A reformist social movement, what beginning in the 1880s and peaking around the 1920s in England and the US, with a goal of getting the rich and poor in society to live more closely together in an interdependent community. Its main object was the establishment of settlement houses in poor urban areas, in which volunteer middle-class settlement workers would live, hoping to share knowledge and culture with, and alleviate the poverty of, their low-income neighbors. -
Sherman Anti-Trust act
The Sherman Anti-Trust act was implemented july 2nd 1890 after an increase of monopolies which would control that small sector of the economy. Railroad companies and oil companies dominated the economy giving these companies control. Any trade that was restricted from interstate or foreign trade was considered illegal and a 5000 fine had to be paid. This act broke up many Trusts creating a greater chance for small businesses to run. -
Period: to
progressive era
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wounded knee massacre
On December 29 1890, the U.S. Army surrounded Ghost Dancers under the leadership of Big Foot, a Lakota Sioux chief, near Wounded Knee Creek and required them to surrender their weapons. As that was happening, a fight broke out between an Indian and a U.S. soldier and a shot was fired, although it’s unclear from which side. A brutal massacre followed, in which it’s estimated 150 Indians were killed, nearly half of them women and children. The cavalry lost 25 men. -
depression of 1893
The depression of 1893 was due to the collapse of the railroad companies and also the free silver movement that encouraged silver to be used more then gold. The fall of the railroad was actually bad because of the large investments that the federal government put in to build more railroads. The republicans soon blamed the democrats for the fall of the economy because they wanted to get rid of gold in their economy except once that was tried, the system had to much silver. -
pullman strike
Railroad strikes took place all over the country leading in to mid 1894. The start of this riot was due to wage cuts in the Pullman company factory that forced many into a wildcat strike. The problem in Pullman was the strict cost of living and the absence of democracy between workers. Massive boycotts of Pullman railroads in 27 countries and 250000 workers effect major cities such as Detroit. 30 people were killed due to rioting and it caused 80 million in damages. -
USS Maine incident
USS Maine was an American naval ship that sank in Havana Harbor during the Cuban revolt against Spain. First built in 1895, they used the USS craft to support latin American conflicts. After the Maine blew up in the harbor many believed it was due to a Spanish influence but in reality no one really knew. It was the use of yellow Journalism that made the event a major political issue in the United States which lead to the Spanish-American war . -
Cuba's independence
After the sinking of Maine, yellow journalism pushed the US to go to war with Spain. During the Spanish American war, the US government supported the independence of Cuba from Spain. Congress passed joint resolutions that supported Cuban independence and disclaiming any intention to annex Cuba, demanding Spanish withdrawal, and authorizing the president to use as much military force as he thought necessary to help Cuban patriots gain independence from Spain. -
Yellow Journalism
Yellow Journalism' are American terms for journalism and associated newspapers that present little or no legitimate well-researched news while instead using eye-catching headlines for increased sales. Techniques may include exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering or sensationalism. By extension, the term yellow journalism is used today as news that is unprofessional or lacking in evidence. This caused the influence of the US wanting to start the Spanish-American war. -
war in the Philippines
After the treaty of Paris (1899) the territory Spain had own from colonization, the Philippines, wanted independence rather then a new ruler and in 1899 they declared independence from the US. The reason the US did not want the annexation of the Philippines was due to the connection it gave the US to Asia but also the threat of another world power taking over instead of the Americans. The war lasted three years and The Philippines did not gain independence until 1946. -
treaty of paris 1898
The treaty of Paris was signed in 1898 after the victory the US gained in the Spanish-American war. It resulted in Spain's loss of its control over the remains of its colonies. Guam, Philippines and cuba gained independence from Spain after the war. After much of mainland Latin America had achieved independence, Cuba and the Philippines both tried to gain independence but failed. Spain also had to pay 20 million dollars to the United States. -
George Dewey
After the civil war, he began preparations for a potential war with Spain, which broke out in April 1898. Immediately after the beginning of the war, Dewey led an attack on Manila Bay, sinking the entire Spanish Pacific fleet while suffering only minor casualties. After the battle, his fleet assisted in the capture of Manila. Dewey's victory at Manila Bay was widely grateful in the United States, and he was promoted to Admiral of the Navy in 1903. -
Open door policy
The United States increased its Asian presence after the colonization of the Philippines and was expecting to further its commercial and political interest in China. The open door policy, dated September 6, 1899 was dispatched to the major European powers. The policy proposed to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis. There would be no favors to their own nationals in the matter of harbor dues or railroad charges. -
The wizard of Oz
This book was originally the metaphor for the events and ideas that took place in the 1890s. The yellow brick road being used as the gold standard. The scarecrow represented American farmers, the tin man represented the industrial workers and finally the lion was William J Bryan. The wicked witch of the west represented Americas own western frontier and many more. Henry Littlefield suggested that the book was an outline of the events that had taken place. -
Teddy Roosevelt
In 1901 William McKinley was assassinated and at the time Teddy Roosevelt was the vice president. During his presidency, Teddy announced the use of the square deal in which he would promote equality. He used the Anti Sherman Trust Act to shut down large monopolies and he also implemented health restrictions to packaged foods. He was a conservation enthusiast and restricted the amount of resources the country could obtain without hurting the environment. -
Muckraker
Muckrakers were journalists that tried to expose corporate monopolies and political machines while trying to raise public awareness and anger at urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, prostitution, and child labor. These journalists would try to find corruption within these organizations in order to bring the information to the public allowing them to see the truth. These stories that were found had mostly been given to the growing middle class. -
Big stick policy
Teddy Roosevelt used a quote during his term that stated, "speak softly, and carry a big stick.". A break down of the statement means he wants to negotiate peacefully between foreign nations except if it is needed he will use force. He uses this throughout his terms in the Roosevelt corollary and also through the Panama canal. Cuba would not give The US the rights to build a canal so the US supported the revolution of the Panama government allowing the acceptance of the US building the canal. -
the jungle book
Socialist author Upton Sinclair published The Jungle, a sensationally graphic account of the meatpacking industry in Chicago's stockyards. Sinclair tried to raise public awareness of corporate corruption and the deplorable conditions in which poor workers worked in. but most of the resulting public outcry instead centers on demand for more food safety provisions. Many would get sick eating meat from factories due to the lack of heath restrictions. -
meat inspection act of 1906
Congress approved its second Meat Inspection law in 1906. Harvey W. Wiley looked into factories and noticed the health hazards of preservatives and canned meat. The U.S. Drug Administration must inspect all animals destined for human consumption, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, and swine. before they are slaughtered. Carcasses are subject to post-mortem inspections and slaughterhouses and processing plants must uphold cleanliness standards. -
great white fleet
The great white fleet was a journey of the US Navy that traveled to many countries to show off their power. President Theodore Roosevelt ordered this journey. As stated in his terms, he used the quote" speak softly and carry a big stick" to explain his actions. He showed off the power of the US Navy to the world in order to show them that he was not a force to be recon with. He showed many other examples of him using the quote throughout his term. -
square deal
While Teddy Roosevelt was in office he implemented the square deal. The conservation of resources, regulation of corporations and consumer protection programs. Teddy during his terms became a huge conservation leader and opened many national parks. He passed many food regulation acts that protected the public from health hazards and also he regulated monopolies so that they would not take over the economy. It took many years for the square deal to be completed. -
Muller Vs. Oregon
The Supreme Court rules in Muller v. Oregon that a reduced ten hour
workday for women is constitutional. The owner of a laundry business was convicted of working a women for over 10 hours. In 1908 Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of laws protecting women workers by presenting evidence of the harmful effects of factory labor on women's weaker bodies. Women were granted shorter work hours. -
Model T
Henry Ford, the owner of the Ford Motor Company produced the model T in the early 1900s becuase of the increase need for a more reliable and cheaper car that could be used and sold to the middle class. More transportation was needed due to growing cities and the increasing population. Ford used the assembly line to make productions cheaper while still using low skilled workers to build the cars making the cost efficient. The model T became one of the most important cars in the 20th century -
Federal reserve act
The federal reserve act created 12 district banks that would lend money at discount rates. The rate could increase/decrease, it depended on the amount of money in circulation. It also could loosen/tighten credit with nation's needs. The first central banking system since 1836. Gives liquidity to fund all future wars without specifically going to Congress to ask for war funds. The act was signed by woodrow Wilson in -
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia and Herzegovina, by Gavrilo Princip, a member of Young Bosnia and one of a group of assassins organized and armed by the Black Hand. Originally a bomb was thrown but it had missed the cars interior, damaging the side. Instead of driving away the Archduke took a wrong turn and he was assassinated. The event led to a chain of events that eventually triggered World War I. -
blockade of Germany
After the start of WWI, in an effort to restrict the maritime supply of goods to the Central Powers, which included Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, the British set up a blockade system that blocked off German sea trades. During this time over 400000 Germans died from starvation. Germany and Britain blockaded each other making it necessary for outside forces to deliver supplies. Germans still tried to cut off the US supplies, giving Americans another reason to join the war. -
Period: to
WWI
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mustard gas
Mustard gas was used by German soldiers against British troops. The gas was a mix of sulfur and chloride that create a dangerous gas. The gas would create burns inside of the lungs and also burns on the skin. Many troops started to carry around gas masks in order to protect themselves from this dangerous gas. Soon the Geneva act was passed internationally so the use of biological warfare would come to an end. Types of mustard gas are still used today through terror attacks. -
Zimmerman Telegram
A telegram Issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico during the war. This was before the United States entered World War I against Germany. Mexico would recover Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico if the alliance was created. The proposal was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence. The message was given to the American public and it encouraged them into WWI. -
Neutral powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria were all central powers. Britain, France, Russia, and Italy were all Allied powers. During this war, the US tried to not intervene. The US would try to ship suppiles to the Britsh Isles and Germany became upset that they were trading so they destroyed merchant ships with U-boats, pushing the US into the war. They were only there to support the allied powers instead of being independent. -
Henry Cabot Lodge
Henry Lodge is most famous for leading the successful congressional opposition to his country's participation in the League of Nations following World War I. Lodge felt that the nation’s sovereignty was at stake and that it would be fatal to bind the nation to international commitments that the United States would not or could not keep. He did not want to join the league of nations due to the fact that he knew the problems the US would have to help with of they joined. -
14 points
The 14 points were stated by Woodrow Wilson to explain the foreign policies that would be taken place after the war. He explained the foreign policies that would take place after the end of world war I. The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson. Europeans generally welcomed Wilson's points except they were still wondering if the application would work. -
espionage act
The espionage act was passed just after the United states joined WWI. The ongoing debate about the provisions of the act states that it is unconstitutional to block off the freedom of speech. It was intended to prohibit interference with military operations or recruitment, to prevent insubordination in the military, such as lying about victories and problems the United states faced. It also prevent the support of United States enemies during wartime. -
temperance
The temperance movement grew into the gilded era due to the increase of workers in factories. Workers would come home and drink alcohol due to the stress that would build up from working. Many reformist leaders wanted to abolish alcohol in the mid 1800s but the option became more radicalized going onto the 20th century. Soon the 18th amendment was passed January 16, 1919. Even though it was abolished, many used crime to obtain alcohol and it was soon repealed by the 21st amendment. -
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles ended the first world war in 1919. Both sides lost millions of individuals. As a result of the signing, Germany's territories were split up. There was little participation of German influences when writing out the Treaty of Versailles. Germany had to take full responsibility for the war and also they had to pay repartitions for the war. This lead Germany into a post-war depression. Europe also demanded that there be a restriction of Germany's military. -
Spanish Flu
The 1918-19 pandemic was caused by an influenza A virus known as H1N1. Despite becoming known as the Spanish flu, the first recorded cases were in the United States in the final year of World War I. By March 1918 the United States had been at war with Germany and the Central Powers for almost a year. The overcrowded trenches and encampments of the First World War became the perfect hosts for the disease. Spanish flu killed more than 12 million. -
Period: to
1920s
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new roads
due to the large increase of 27 million cars by 1930, many new roads were being built to replace the older unpaved roads. As the roads increase in length, so did the spread of the population around them. Many new business took advantage of the growth of roads by setting up advertisements on the road, building gas stations, and building places to sleep and to eat. There was also in increase of overall hospitality in the 1920s. -
18th Amendment
As temperance movements increased the abolition for alcohol was coming to a reality in the early 1900s. The ratification of the 18th amendment took place January 19th, 1920. As an increase of factory and industrial jobs were being taken up, many resulted to drinking after hours to solve stress and depression. Many women were against the use of alcohol because it would make their husbands lazy. The 18th amendment was soon repealed by the 21st amendment. -
first red scare
The first red scare was time during the early 1920s of the United States shown by by a widespread fear of communism. Because of the real events happening such as the Russian Revolution showed the world that communism does exist. At its height in 1919–1920, concerns over the effects of radical political agitation in American society and the alleged spread of communism in the American labor movement pushed the fear of communism in the American government. -
19th amendment
The 19th amendment allows women to vote legally. In 1848, the increase of women suffrage grew in the united states. Susan B Anthony and other activists promoted the equality for women in the mid 1800s. Protests during the Willson inauguration ended in many women becoming injured. After WWI, the increase of help through factory development and also the replacement of many jobs lead to the ratification of the 19th amendment in the early 1920s. -
sedition act
The sedition act ratified in 1918 was due to the need to increase the overall productiveness of the Espionage Act of 1917 to cover a broader range of offenses, notably speech and the expression of opinion that cast the government or the war effort in a negative light or interfered with the sale of government bonds. The convicted owed 5 to 20 years in prison. This act was soon repealed after the Great war. Just like the Espionage Act, it was meet with problems because of the first amendment. -
leisure
During the post-war era, many found leisure activities after work such as taking joy rides in their cars, listening to the radio. Many sports such as tennis, boxing and baseball were shared from the radio because the radio of the 1920's is the Internet today. Information could be spread quick over a large population. The public also enjoyed watching silent films. Many Americans had satisfaction of buying goods after the war. -
Marcus Garvey
a proponent of Black supporter in the United States. He was a leader of Pan-Africanism and he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL). He also founded the Black Star Line, a shipping and passenger line which promoted the sending back of African Americans to their original countries. Although most American Black leaders didn't like his methods, Garvey found many people supporting his cause. -
Ku Klux Klan
The kkk increased their recruitment methods in the 1920. Soon they had over 4 million men. The members of the KKK were mostly white protestants. It opposed Jews, blacks, Catholics, and newly arriving Southern European immigrants such as Italians. The KKK became prominent in many cities all over the country. After many of the leaders showed criminal actions, many dropped out in the 1930s just leaving 30000 members in the KKK. -
immigration act of 1924
The immigration act of 1924 placed a United State federal law that limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States. The immigration act was mostly used to stop the migration of eastern Europeans and southern Europeans but Asians and Arabs were completely banded from access to the United States. This put an end to the US's "open border". -
Scopes Monkey Trial
When John Scopes was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which had made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any public school, he was put on trial and he lost. He had to pay a fine of 100 $ but soon the nation grew the trials popularity and major lawyers went head to head. This trial was said to be a publicity stunt in order for Dayton Tennessee to gain attention from the press. The teaching of evolution is still not allowed in schools. -
spirit of st. Louis
Charles Lindbergh on May 20-21, 1927, on the first solo non-stop transatlantic flight from Long Island, New York, to Paris, France. He became famous for this achievement and it took him 33 hours and 30 minutes. The distance was approximately 3600 miles which one him the orteig prize of 25000 dollars. The plane was designed to only fit one passenger yet still accommodate for large amounts of fuel. He only used one engine to reduce the risk of engine failure. -
Period: to
The great depression
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prohibition
During the abolition after the 18th amendment, many sought ways around it, all of it illegally. The mob in the 1920s skyrockets crime due to the selling of alcohol. The mafia soon financed distilleries and also breweries which lead to the st valentines day massacre. Al Capone attacked a rivals warehouse killing 7 men. Al Capone was taken into custody but he was caught with tax invasion instead of the valentines day massacre. -
Hoovervilles
As the depression worsened in the 1930s, causing severe hardships for millions of Americans, many looked to the federal government for assistance. When the government failed to provide relief, President Herbert Hoover was blamed for the economic and social conditions, and shantytowns grew due to the lack of financial support. Small slum like villages on the outskirts of the city were built. The lack of support gave Hoovers next term to FDR. -
Wall Street Crash of 1929
The wall street crash was the biggest stock market crash in the history of the united states. After this crash, a 12 year depression followed the economy until economic changes were implemented in FRD's terms. Rural Americans migrated to the cities in vast numbers throughout the decade, While the American cities prospered, the overproduction of agricultural produce created widespread financial despair among American farmers throughout the decade. -
Bonus march
congress rewarded the veterans of WWI with certificates redeemable in 1945 for $1,000 each. By 1932, many of these former servicemen had lost their jobs and fortunes in the early days of the Depression. They asked Congress to redeem their bonus certificates early but the president refused. As they stayed, the president called in the army into the capital and the army had to force the veterans out of the capital. The veterans did not get their bonus. -
The new deal
As the new deal took place after the presidency of FDR, many changes tried to fix the depression. Creating economic relief was the key principle for FDRs Terms. He created housing, economic support and the back up of banks during his term. The federal government took more status in the economy in order to reconstruct it. He created public federal aid in his term and also the abc's of supporting the public. He became the first modern president, rejecting the usual lazy lifestyle. -
Elenor Roosevelt
Teddy Roosevelts niece and a cousin of FDR's became one of the first modern first ladies. instead of showing herself off to the public she took charge of many problems the US faced. She was rarely in the capital wither her husband. She became a public speaker and started charity events. She set the standard for the modern first lady. She influenced the role of female legislators and politics. She also supported African Americans during civil rights movements. -
FDR
As the great depression takes over the public, they turn to a new political party for support. Hoover is taken out of office after FDR promotes his new deal, which will support the public in their attempts to pull though the great depression. He creates many federal agencies to aid in financial support for the public. He was the first modern president and the "100 days" after his election have been a tradition ever since, showing the changes he has made. -
Huey Long
Huey Long was originally Louisiana's governor and soon became part of the united states senate. Soon he began to disagree with FDR's claims as he proposed the new deal. He soon made his own idealism which was more socialist and radical. His slogan " everyman is a king" tried to promote equality through the economy by splitting the wealth of the poor, giving everyone a house, a car and a radio. Before he could implement these changes he was assassinated. -
Hitler
Hitler voluntarily enlisted in the Bavarian Army during WWI and he was a runner on the western front. As he was still in the army he spied on a DAP meeting which started his legacy. He was intrigued by the information he heard and he agreed with it as well. He became a public speaker. He became the chancellor of German and soon the Fuherin. Germany soon re-established its army and also Hitler tried to make the third reich the comeback of Germany. -
FIAT Money
In order to drag the united states out of the depression, FDR made the commitment to change the currency to rely on paper itself. The overall idea was to have trust in the government but gold was still used in foreign affairs. FDR pushed for this after Farther Charles Coughlin spoke against his new deal. Gold was still considered connected to cash but in the early 1970s, when President Nixon completely severed the relationship between the U.S. dollar and gold. -
The dust bowl
After entering the depression, many farmers used quick farming methods in the west that destroyed the topsoil, causing huge dust storms when the wind would start to blow. Most cattle died from suffocation, their lungs would be full of dust. Federal acts were put in to stop farmers from growing their plants, allowing the relaxation of the soil. These farmers were paid to wait until better management of crops were available. -
Charles Coughlin
Commonly known as Father Coughlin, he was one of the first political leaders to use radio to reach a mass audience, as up to thirty million listeners tuned to his weekly broadcasts during the 1930s. He was forced off the air in 1939. He soon began to disagree with the new deal, causing him to shut down. After the start of WWII and the hate of facists movements, the American public soon saw him as a threat and the Vatican wanted him silenced. -
US neutrality
The US was still recovering from the great depression when this war started. In order to prevent the last cause of intervention with the war, the US passed the Neutrality acts of 1935, which restricted goods from being transferred to and from Europe. The US still used loopholes to send weapons to the allied powers such as cash and carry, which states that they could send weapon parts instead of weapons. This was one of the acts that exempted from the neutrality acts. -
German-Soviet Non-Agression Pact
The two powers would not take action agaist each other for the next ten years since the document had been signed August 23rd 1939. The use of this pact was to create more time/deleting the need to fight on both sides since Germany was located in the middle of Europe. The pact allowed the growth of Soviet and Nazi troops during World war II. Soon later in the war, The germans end the pact by invading the soviet Union in 1941 during the winter. -
Period: to
WWII
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Dunkirk
The battle was fought between the Allies and Nazi Germany. As part of the Battle of France on the Western Front, the Battle of Dunkirk attempted to evacuate allied forces mid 1940. The halt order was given to surround the remaining forces and many did not believe they would survive. 330000 allied forces were rescued and were sent to Britain. The Germans attempted to surround and make the allied forces to surrender and they were given 3 days to prepare. -
axis powers
Germany, Italy, and Japan on 27 September 1940, in Berlin made a pact that opposed them to the allied forces. Alliances were made during the war to ensure victory. The axis powers were mostly Facists and Nazi parties that controlled their government. These alliances lasted all of WWII and small additions were added yearly such as Romania and Slovakia. The axis powers were smaller than the allied during WWII. -
Enigma Machine
The Enigma Machine was used by the axis powers to send messages daily to its troops. Many code breakers sought to find out the pattern and the British broke it.Though Enigma had some cryptographic weaknesses, in practice it was German procedural flaws, operator mistakes, failure to systematically introduce changes in encipherment procedures, and Allied capture of key tables and hardware that, during the war, enabled Allied cryptologists to succeed and "turned the tide" in the Allies favor. -
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor is a U.S. naval base near Hawaii, and on December 7, 1941, hundreds of Japanese fighter planes descended on the base, where they managed to destroy or damage nearly 20 American naval vessels, including 8 battleships, and 300 airplanes. More than 2,400 Americans died in the attack, The day after the assault, President FDR asked Congress to declare war on Japan. Soon after the US declared war on Japan, Italy and Germany followed and the US joined the axis powers. -
The holocaust
The mass extinction of over 6 million jews in Europe by the German forces during world war II. Adolf Hitler thought that Jews were an inferior race, an alien threat to German racial purity and community. Tens of thousands were soon being sent to the Polish ghettoes and German-occupied cities in the USSR. Since June 1941, experiments with mass killing methods had been ongoing at the concentration camp of Auschwitz. The German forces tried to keep it a secret but failed. -
D-day
After Dunkirk, a major Allied assault would be made on the beaches of Normandy. Many spies and false communications were made on both sides of the conflict to misguide the enemy. This was a turning point in the war. The allied air force and navy supported the ground forces leading to delays of german troops. Hitler thought that there would be a larger attack closer to the britsh channel and he was hesitant to send troops. By the end of August, allied forces had won , continuing east. -
united nations
On January 1, 1942, representatives of 26 nations at war with the Axis powers met in Washington to sign the Declaration of the United Nations endorsing the Atlantic Charter, pledging to use their full resources against the Axis and agreeing not to make separate peace negotiations. The united nations are based in New York and the purpose of this was to reenact the league of nations but in a more complex manner. The league of nations is still around today -
Period: to
imperialism
