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Period: 30,000 BCE to
Beginnings to Exploration
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1300
Renaissance
A "rebirth" of cultural society in Europe, occurring after the dark ages. Made new advancements in art, science, mathematics, and medicine. Famous people during this time period: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Donatello. Just to name a few. -
1347
Black Death
Black Death was a deadly plague, that hit Europe hard during the 1340's. Killed 40 to 50% of Europe's population, transforming society. Peasants starts to rise in the system since there are no workers. Merchants society reforms and a new economy takes place. -
1492
Columbian Exchange
An exchange of goods from the old world to the new world that occurred after Columbus's arrival.. Diseases exchanged wiped out the Indian population. It is also named after Christopher Columbus. -
Oct 12, 1492
Christopher Columbus
A talented navigator, seen as admirable. Went on four different voyages. Famous voyage is the first voyage when he set sail on August 3rd 1492 and on October 12 1492 landed at San Salvador, Bahamas. -
Jun 7, 1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
Division of new conquered lands between spain and portugal by the pope. Portugal gets brazil and spain gets the lands to the west. -
May 10, 1497
Amerigo Vespucci
Italian explorer who realized he found a new continent, south america. Set sail on May 10th of 1497. -
1512
Encomienda System
A system made Spaniards. Which forced Native Americans to give up land and work for them. -
1517
Reformation (Protestant)
Martin Luther leads this reformation because he is upset over "indulgences" that the pope sells. So he starts his own reformation. -
Roanoke
First English settlement founded by English explorer Sir Walter Raleigh. -
Period: to
English Colonial Societies
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Plymouth
Going aboard the mayflower, pilgrims seek religious freedom and flee from England. -
Caribbean Colonies
Most important region (Barbados, Jamaica, etc.), slaves outnumber whites in this colony, where sugar is made and sugar is used for everything -
Salem Witch Trials
Native raids are happening. Fear is rampant. Minister's daughter stars acting strangely and accusing many in town of witchcraft. Dozens are dead when the trials are over. -
Pennsylvania
King owed a large debt to william penn. Penn was given a land grant west of new jersey. Penn wanted a religious refuge for quakers. In which William Penn established Pennsylvania -
Act of Union
The acts of union passed by English and Scottish parliaments led to the establishment of Great Britain. -
Period: to
Colonial America to 1763
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Enlighentment
About reason and science. based on science not superstition. Questioned all pre-conceived nations. John Locke commonly associated with this movement, he is all about natural rights. -
Great Awakening
Reaction to the Enlightenment movement. Becomes a consumer oriented society and many are scared into becoming religious. Colonial society changes, Elite american universities are founded. -
Triangular Trade
A trade route that was in a triangular shape. Allowing America, Europe, and Africa to trade raw materials such as sugar, cotton, and tobacco. America and Europe traded these materials while africa traded slaves for these materials. -
Slave Rebellions
Numerous amounts of slave rebellions happened before the abolishment of slavery. Not all slave rebellions were done by slaves, some were done by whites for slaves and in hope of slaves coming to help them. Famous slave rebellions include Nat Turner's and John Brown's Raid in Harper Ferry. -
Atlantic Slave Trade
Inter- African Slave Trade, new source of labor for europeans. Trade between Spain, Portugal, and Britain. -
7 years war
Global war of all European powers at the time. Fought mainly in Europe but fought in other continents too. -
Period: to
Revolutionary War
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Treaty of Paris 1763
Ends the French and Indian War between Britain and France. -
Boston Massacre
A crowd of Bostonian harass British soldiers leading to soldiers firing into the crowd killing many. -
Stamp Act
A tax required on all paper, was more harsh, and mostly affected lawyers and printers. -
Townshend Act
An act that placed taxes on glass, paint, lead, paper, and tea. -
Boston Tea Party
protest in which Bostonian throw tea into the ocean because of unfair taxes imposed upon them by Britain. -
Lexington
Battle of Lexington starts the american revolutionary war. "Shot heard round the world" -
Dunmore's Proclomation
Granted freedom to slaves to fight with redcoats. -
Declaration of Independence
Draft written by Thomas Jefferson, completed on july 2nd but not signed until july 4th. Colonies declared that they're united and independent states. -
Articles of Confederation
Document made before the constitution for all states. It was weak and loose. in other words, laws, money, jurisdiction differed among the states. Had no central authority or executive. -
Massachusetts Constitution
The constitution of Massachusetts was written in 1780. It was being written for the use of the government. -
Period: to
The Constitution
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Treaty of Paris
Ends the Revolutionary War and recognizes the United States as an independent nation. -
Shay's Rebellion
Daniel Shay a revolutionary war veteran that led others in a protest against economic and social injustices. This rebellion was bad for everyone and started to spread. Leaders were on board for a change. -
Constitution Convention
Initially held to amend the articles of confederation and make stronger.The fifty-five delegates that took part in the convention decided to come up with a new strong form of government. -
Northwest Ordinace
Made to give shape to the northwest territory. When a territory reached 60,000 people in its population they could ask for state-hood. -
The Great Debate
A debate where 55 delegates met at the constitutional convention, to reflect on their pros and cons of the articles of confederation, and if they can fix them then how. -
Maryland
King Charles I grants George Calvert a charter which gave George proprietary rights. However, before the settlement began Calvert died and left it to his son, who wanted the colony to safe haven for roman Catholics. -
Election of 1788
George Washington Vs. John Adams. George Washington wins, he is everyone's choice and looked upon as a god-like figure. John Adams comes in second place, there are no vice-presidents at this time. -
Period: to
New Republic
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Bill of Rights
Written by James Madison. People felt that it was necessary to have and keep individuals safe. -
Rhode island
Started by Roger Williams, Williams was banned from Massachusetts because of his religious views. -
Whiskey Rebellion
Heavily effects Pennsylvania and 25% of Kentucky farmers. Whiskey is economically important. 6,000 threaten to attack Pittsburgh. . -
Bank of the U.S.
Hamilton's idea and often known as his "baby". The bank stabilizes currency and the economy. However, it leads to constitutional issues. Such as it constitutional?, Is it allowed to exist?) Washington agrees with Hamilton and it is allowed to stay open. -
Cotton Gin
Increases the demand for slaves. Invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney -
Election of 1796
Washington doesn't seek a third term. John Adams vs.Thomas Jefferson. Adams wins. -
Adam's Presidency
Under Adam's presidency the xyz affair, Alien, and Sedition acts occurred. the xyz affair was a french bribery to president adams, the alien act made it difficult to become a citizen, and the sedition act made it a crime to say anything bad about the U.S. or the U.S. President. -
Mass Production
Mass production was made possible because of the many new inventions being made and introduced by Eli Whitney. -
Kentucky Resolutions
Written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. It was passed by Kentucky and Virginia legislatures. Made to keep sure that the federal government would not try to overpower the constitution. -
Period: to
Age of Jefferson
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Louisiana Purchase
Territory bought from Neapolitan by Thomas Jefferson. 827,000 square miles long. This would be Jefferson's greatest achievement as president. Jefferson send Lewis and Clark out to explore this new territory. -
Railroads
Railroads were first being made in 1804. The first successful commercial railroad was the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad on February 28, 1827. -
Hamilton vs.Burr
Alexander Hamilton hated Aaron Burr. They challenged each other to a duel. Hamilton used this duel as a chance to ruin Burr's political career. Hamilton took first shot and shot in the air rather than shoot Burr but Burr shot Hamilton in the abdomen area which went to his spine. Hamilton didn't die right after he got shot but thirty-one hours after he did. -
Steamboat
Steamboat made in 1807 Made for transportation reasons.First successful steamboat was the Clermont invented by Robert Fulton. -
War of 1812
A interference of american trade by the British and impressment of american soldiers is what causes the war. -
Period: to
American Industrial Revolution
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Battle of New Orleans
Andrew Jackson leads the army of this battle. It was the last battle in the war of 1812 and successful because america won. This fight would've never happened if they knew of the peace treaty that was signed weeks before the battle. -
Panic of 1819
the first "great depression". Occurred after the war of 1812, this effects many people and the economy of the u.s. -
Missouri Crisis
Missouri applies to enter as a slave state. North is against the admission and the south is for the admission. This later leads to to the Missouri compromise. -
Temperance Movement
During this period alcohol consumption was at an all time high, people drank all day every day. So this movement was motivated towards the reduction of alcohol consumption some states even go as far as banning alcohol. -
Second Great Awakening
Focused on religion. Effected society and their ideas. Revived religion for any. Allowed many religion groups to become large. -
Period: to
Changing Culture
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Monroe Doctrine
The Spanish empire is crumbling and the u.s. wants influence over these new areas. -
Period: to
Age of Jackson
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Andrew Jackson
A military leader during the war of 1812, which later helps become publicly known and president. He loses his first presidential election run in 1824 then runs again in 1828 and wins becoming the seventh president. During his presidential term he forces the relocation of Indians and pays off national debt. -
Election of 1824
This election had 4 candidates: John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, William Crawford, & Henry Clay. Although, Jackson wins the popular vote he does not win the electoral college. Adam wins the election and becomes president. -
Greek Revival (Architecture)
Focused on architecture, america took designs such as columns seen on other official buildings. To think of structures for the governments building. -
Presidency of John Quincy Adams
Under Adam's presidency federal funding for roads and canals occurred and universities. -
Election of 1828
This election gets NASTY a lot of personal attacks happen. Jackson uses a new strategy to win this election "Let the people rule". Jackson's wife gets involved and because of the stress from it she dies before Jackson's inauguration. In the end, Jackson wins the election and becomes president. -
Jackson Administration
One main scandal to happen during Jackson's term is when he forces most of the cabinet to resign and give the positions to those who supported him throughout his campaign also known as the spoils system which many other presidents also took use of. Other events that took place during Jackson's presidency was the nullification crisis, trial of tears, Indian removal act, and Cherokee nation vs. Georgia just to name a few. -
Telegraph
Invented by Samuel Morse. Used for long-distance communication uses. -
Parks & Cemeteries
Parks and Cemeteries were made to connect with nature. -
Underground Railroad
Was placed in the north, Abolitionist helped slaves escape from the south, held safe houses. Many Fugitive slaves became political figures and Harriet Tubman a fugitive slave herself helped free about 5,000 slaves in over 30 years. -
Tenements
As the population started to rise in cities tenements were starting to be built. These tenements had many rooms for families but didn't provide the best living conditions such as poor plumbing, ventilation and small space the rooms were. -
First Police Forces
The first police forces were made to deal with tensions. First established in the 1830s and 1840s, and New York's police force was established in 1845. -
Election of 1832
Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, and William Wart are the candidates of this election. Clay thinks that jackson's hate of the second bank of the U.S. will help him when the election. However, when jackson explains why he vetoes the bank people will agree with jackson and support him. Jackson wins this election also. -
Stephen F. Austin
After Moses Austin, Stephen's father passed away. He took over his fathers project. In 1833, he would be imprisoned for seeking statehood for Texas and calling settlers to declare it without consent from Mexican congress. -
Sam Houston
During the Texas Revolution, Houston served as commander in chief of all armies. He brought victory to Texas in war when forcing surrender from Santa Anna in the fall of 1835. -
Manifest Destiny
America's hope to expand to the west. Also Jacksonian's democracy for white future in the west. -
Period: to
Westward Expansion
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Election of 1840
Two candidates: Martin Van Buren and General Williams Henry Harrison. Van Buren is not very well liked after his first term . Harrison wins by copying Jackson's campaign tactics. Harrison wins and dies within 30 days of his presidential term. -
Millennialism
William Miller starts this idea of a judgment day from Christ. -
Election of 1844
Two Candidates: John Tyler and James K. Polk. James is nicknamed "young hickory" because of Andrew Jackson He promises to only serve one term to be successful of his goals or unsuccessful and be looked at as a failure. He wanted to annex Texas like Jackson wanted to, settle the Oregon border, and settle the Mexican border. -
Annexation of Texas
A few years after Texas fought for independence from Mexico. The United States annexed Texas in 1845. -
Gringo
Description of white people by Mexicans. -
Mexican American War
The annexation of Texas was a reason for this war but also California's declaration of independence plays a part in this war.The lasts for two years 1846 to 1848. -
Bear Flag Revolt
California declares its independence from Mexico -
Suffrage
Everyone had to work to make it in the family. Women start to become political but still aren't given the right to vote. -
Period: to
Sectionalism
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Settled the Mexican border dispute and seized over half of Mexico's territory. -
California Gold Rush
Gold was found in Sacramento in 1849. Thousands migrate to California for gold and gold was easy to find. -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Written after the fugitive slave law. Impacted how america viewed slavery. -
Kansas Nebraska Act
Southerners were afraid of two new free states being admitted, they wanted to abolish the Missouri Compromise. Brought up by Stephen Douglas and Franklin Pierce. The Act passes -
Free Black Communities
Largest communities are in the north and Midwest. Segregation is apart of this and also discrimination and prejudice. -
Dred Scott vs. Sandford
Dred Scott testifies that he and his family should have never been sold into slavery by his master's wife after his death and wants to sue her. However, the result of this case stated that Scott should have never been granted freedom and that slaves are not actually citizens and can't sue. -
Lincoln Douglas Debates
Debates held in Illinois between Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln. Main topics Slavery and Popular Sovereignty. There were 7 debates and each debate was three hours long. -
Election of 1860
Three Candidates: Democrats- John Breckinridge (Official) and John Bell (Unofficial/ Know Nothing); Republicans- Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln wins the election but mainly because of the democrats division. -
North
The North had a bigger advantage going into the war. They had a larger population industrialization, and railroad network. The north just didn't have military leadership. -
South
The south had the lower hand of great advantages entering into the war. A low population of 9 million and then half of the 9 million population were slaves which lowered the amount of soldiers for the south. Low Industrialization and railroad network.However, out of all their disadvantages they had great military leadership. -
Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee served as the General for the Confederate Army during the civil war. -
Period: to
Civil War
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Army of Potomac
Principal army of the union. Although, there lots of soldiers compared to the confederate army. The army of Potomac failed to succeed in the first few battles fought against the south. This was mainly due to the lack of having successful generals. -
Ulysses S. Grant
The best known and successful union general. Brought the union army to victory. This later helped him become a future president of the united states. -
Emancipation Proclomation
Lincoln declared slaves free in the south unless they surrendered by January first of 1863. The border states are allowed to keep there slaves until the end of the war. The proclamation stopped Britain from entering the war because of their belief in no slavery. -
Period: to
Reconstruction
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Battle of Gettysburg
The most important and bloodiest battle of the civil war. Turning point of war favoring the union. -
13 - 15th Amendments
These amendments were made to ensure free slaves freedom. -
Andrew Johnson
Johnson was Lincoln's vice president. After Lincoln's assassination he became president. He was close to getting impeached and only served one term. -
40 acres and a Mule
Apart of the Sherman's march to the sea plan. Known as special field order #15. Which was to give 400,000 acres of land to former slaves and divide it into 40 acre plots -
Lincoln's Assassination
Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington D.C. in the presidential box. Shot in the back of the head and dies the following day. -
White Resistance
The KKK was a white resistance group. Founded by Calvin Jones among others and started in 1865 -
Election of 1868
Two Candidates: Ulysses S. Grant and Horatio Seymour. Ulysses S. Grant defeats Horatio Seymour. -
Jim Crow
Laws that legalized racial segregation. Started around same time as black codes although not officially stated.
