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Period: 2000 BCE to
Beginnings to Exploration
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500
The Dark Ages
Between the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Italian Renaissance, dominated by religion. Europe was very unorganized going through much problems. Europe was not united politically, there were just areas of land under feudal systems which was a social and politically system. It was named the "Dark Ages" because there was a lack of scientific and cultural advancement. The dominant church:Catholic church, would turn down any scientific idea and would use God to explain everything. -
1095
The Crusades
In November of 1095 the pope makes a call to action to commence the Crusades. At the town of Clermont in southern France, he suggested with urge, 'Whoever for devotion alone, but not to gain honour or money, goes to Jerusalem to liberate the Church of God can substitute this journey for all penance.". He proposed to the western Christians to get weapons and take back the holy land from the Muslims. Then, many battles and many lives were taken for Jerusalem. Christian controlled it at the end. -
1300
The Renaissance
A major movement that started on Florence, Italy. The french word "Renaissance" means rebirth. This rebirth was a movement in many ways: cultural, artistic, scientific, etc. The idea to make things better, to bring back classical ideas from ancient Greece and Rome. Came before the "Modern Age". Professions such as artist, writers, scientist, philosophers, mathematicians, got some recognition for the ideas they spread that didn't had to deal much with religion instead, a variety of beliefs. -
1347
The Black Death
Disease was on fleas, which then contaminated rats, then the rats were widely spread all over Europe trough the massive trade system. The Black death was also know as the "Bubonic Plague". This disease killed 40-50% of Europe's population, It would create black soars all over the peoples' bodies. The increasing death rate caused less people to work, so the people demanded higher mages since it was very hard to work during the time period. In 1351, European leaders passed the Statue of Laborers. -
1492
The Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange, was named after the navigator, Christopher Columbus. When the age of exploration from European nations began, the exchange of goods and diseases became very common. Many Europeans brought livestock animals to the New World increasing hide and meat production, then sent back to Europe. Disease were transported in the Columbian Exchange, through human carriers. A major disease that the Europeans carried to the new world, which help them conquered the natives, was Smallpox. -
1500
Exploration
European era to expand, primarily for 3 reasons, God, Gold and Glory. Nations all in competition to conquer land. The primary countries were Spain and Portugal. A very well known Portuguese, Henry The Navigator, created a navigator and explorer school, and organized sailing around the coast of Africa. Christopher Columbus was a Spaniard who wanted to discover Asia, instead he landed in the Caribbean and massacred the natives . He made 4 voyage, believing he landed in Asia till his death. -
1500
Middle Passage
The Middle Passage was the part of the Triangular Trade, that transported slaves from Africa to the New World(The Americas). The passage of Africans from West Africa to the West Indies was very harsh, the slaves were taken forcefully, the deck was extremely packed of slaves in the ships. Seasickness was common, due to how crowded they were, the heat was very suffocating. Illness, such as smallpox, spread easily in the deck so the sicked would be thrown overboard in the middle of the sea. -
1519
Hernan Cortes
Spanish conquistador that took over the city of Tenochtitlan which was the main city of the most powerful Empire of Mexican natives, the Aztecs. Cortes had 500 men to conquer a population of 200,000-300,000. Cortes and his men where seemed as Gods but soon the natives found out they were ordinary people.Even though they were extremely outnumbered, the manage to take control of the cities. Primarily, disease spread rapidly through the people, killing their leader which got them conquered. -
1550
Triangular Trade
A trade across continents that formed a triangle between the Colonies, Europe and Africa. Europe would primarily transport manufactured goods to Africa. Africa would enslave its own people, so merchants would buy them and take them to the Colonies due to their high demand in the agriculture based economy. Finally, the agricultural Colonies produced natural goods, harvested them and transported them to the European continent. This trading system boosted the economies of all the continents. -
Roanoke Colony
Roanoke was the first attempt from the English to colonize, being led by Sir RIchard Grenville. He left 107 colonist in Roanoke when he was heading home to get supplies. The colonist built a fort but they were struggling to survive the constant native attacks. Sir Francis Drake went by the colony, seeing them in their condition he asked if they wanted to head back home. Many agreed to his offer. By the time Grenville came back, the colony was abandoned, that why it is called the "Lost Colony". -
Virginia Colony
The first successful English Colony. it was chartered by the King in 1606 and settled 1607. Owned by the Virginia company, began with 105 settlers, after the first winter only 32 of the first colonist survived. The settlers would exaggerate the amount of gold and silver they had found in order to attract more English people to take the voyage and help out in the new colony. This colony would've been a total failure until tobacco was introduced to the land which made it the first cash crop. -
Period: to
English Colonial Societies
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Plymouth Colony
The Plymouth Colony was founded for religious freed to a group called the Puritans(today know as pilgrims),who wanted to separate form the Church of England. Was the third English colony. The ship they came in was named "Mayflower". The Mayflower Compact, was a document that was created in the ship before landing, which established a new independent government. Nearly half of the colonist died due to winter, starving and disease. They Celebrated the first thanksgiving after a successful harvest. -
Navigation Acts
A series of acts that limited the Dutch from trading with the English Colonial ships. England saw that the colonies were making so much money from mercantilism so they wanted some of that money for themselves. England didn't want the colonies to trade with any other country. The colonist still kept trading, smuggling the goods to other countries and completely ignoring the acts. Before, the colonies were under salutary neglect, they were capable of doing whatever they wanted but that changed. -
Pennsylvania Colony
The Quakers who started as a community of friends then later became a religious group, they would "tremble at the word of the lord', wanted religious freedom. The colony was named after its leader, William Penn. It was chartered by King Charles II. He promoted major Native relationships, the colonist bought the land instead of taking it. It later became know as "Breadbasket" due to the mass production of wheat and variety of crops that were grown. Philadelphia city name means, "brotherly love". -
The Enlightenment Era
The Enlightenment Era was time period of change, change in believes to certain aspects of life. European politics changed, philosophy, communications and science primarily made a huge movement of knowledge that the people experienced. People got more away from their religious beliefs, they stopped thinking like the majority of people who were church people, this movement promoted individualism, people began to think more independently which eventually led to changes in lifestyle and believes. -
The Glorious Revolution
King James II wanted a Spanish style colonial government, Dominion of New England, new taxes, reapplication for land, wanted to ally England and France, dissolve parliament. Due to his plan, Parliament didn't want him to rule so called upon his daughter's help, Mary II and her husband William III, who gathered an army to depose King James II. Since the own government didn't want him rule, no one tried to stop them from taking over, the doors were open, it was know as the "Bloodless War". -
Salutary Neglect
The British colonies were founded by people who were looking for more liberty, land etc.. Therefore the colonies were not directly controlled by the monarchy back in England. They were under salutary neglect, the right to self govern, they could do what they wanted as long as they were loyal to the crown. This allowed the colonist to even trade with foreign nations, which got them more money than Britain. Eventually, salutary neglect became an issue which later got erased by the British. -
Salem Witch Trials
Occurred in Massachusetts when a Ministers Daughter had practiced witchcraft with their Native slave, her and her cousin began to act strangely and they began blaming other people in the town of witchcraft. More and more girls joined the accusations and many innocent people got judged and killed. Some test were created to prove the accusations, like placing the accused witch into water and if the person drowned they were innocent and if they floated they were witches that deserved to be killed. -
Period: to
Colonial America To 1763
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The Great Awakening
The Great Awakening was a time period when several Christian revivals appeared, went all throughout Britain and the 13 colonies in mid 1700s. This religious movement made a quick growth or religious like Methodist and Baptist.The purpose for this movement to begin, came from the noticeable lack of religious/spiritual interest. People were bored of religion, and were describes as "fallen asleep", thats were it was named from, since this movement was waking their interest in religion back again. -
Seven Years War/ French and Indian War
The Seven Years war, could be described as the first World War to ever occur. Britain(with American Indians) was fighting France and Spain over the Ohio River Valley, this land was very valuable due to its economical potential and there was no firm ownership of the land. Fredrick II king of Prussia was fighting Austria, Russia, France and Sweden, Fredrick was successful at defeating his enemies. Finally, France and Spain lost to Britain. and the war ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1763. -
Financial State of Britain after Seven Years War
Britain won the Seven Years War but lost a large amount of money to finance the war supplies. Britain was nearly bankrupt after, so they needed to make money fast and consistently. The British looked at their colonies which were making a huge amount of money from agricultural production and trading with foreign nations. They realized that their colonies could pay off the war expenses, so they began taxing them.. Colonist didn't like the taxation which led them to the American Revolution. -
Period: to
The Revolutionary Era
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American Revenue Act/ Sugar Act
The Parliament of Great Britain passed the American Revenue act in 1764 to help pay for the national debt made the French and Indian War. This act was a lighter tax from the other failed Molasses Act which was not well collected by the British. This act imposed tax on sugar which was very liked and used by the English Colonist, and other imports. The state of worrisome of the colonist began, they feared Britain was trying to have control over them so their opposition to Great Britain commenced. -
The Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre was an incident were, English colonist were harassing British soldiers who were guarding the Boston Custom House. The colonist were throwing snowballs with rocks, which provoked the soldiers to shoot, 5 colonist were killed among the crowd. Paul Revere drew a picture of the incident were the soldiers were shooting at innocent colonist, he named it, “Bloody Massacre Perpetrated in Kings Street in Boston” , this propaganda spread all over the colonies, growing hate to Britain. -
The Boston Tea Party
The Boston Tea Party, was a protest that the colonist did to show their opposition to the Townshend Act, which included the tax on Tea. The colonist dressed up as Mohawk Indians and boarded British import ships in Boston that had chest of tea. They dumped 342 chest of British East India Company Tea. The large amount of tea was a large amount of money that Britain lost, which made the British more angry at its colonies, This was the first action of defiance to the rule of Great Britain. -
Olive Branch Petition
After tensions grew larger and larger to the point that the majority of colonist were convinced that they should become independent from Great Britain due to the oppression and failed attempts to agreements. John Dickinson, delegate from Pennsylvania authored the Olive Branch Petition was a document from the colonist to King George III, which was a last, final effort to reconciliation with Great Britain, the petition was rejected, the colonies were declared traitors, war was on the horizon. -
Dunmore's Proclamation
Virginia's royal governor John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore promised slaves freedom if they left their patriot masters and joined the British military. Slaves didn't just left their patriot owners, slaves wanted freedom so even slaves from loyalist owners left to support the British army. Around 80,000 to 100,000 escaped their masters, left plantations to fight next to the British and gain their freedom. People in Virginia were angry, they feared a slave revolt and they lost most of their slaves. -
Declaration of Independence
The document that officially declared the colonies independent form Great Britain and its government. In which it described the rights that should not be taken away from any man, the right to not obey a government that is harsh towards its people, a lack of representation in legislature, dissolving of representative house, constant harsh laws, the harassment of soldiers to the colonist, the cut off of trade, the quartering of troops, taxes without the consent of people, and many more issues. -
Constitution of Massachusetts
The Constitution of Massachusetts was a good document to form the government. Originally made for Massachusetts, It later inspired the founding fathers to make the Constitution of the United States of America and also inspired several states to make their own. John Adams wrote it and structured it so well that it was appealing and functioning; Preamble, Declaration of rights, Frame of Government and Articles of Amendments. It was introduce in first Massachusetts Constitutional Convention. -
Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation was a from of government that was written swiftly by the Founding Fathers. The Articles didn't have a central government so the states were way too liberal with decisions. The articles were also too weak to tax its people for the debt caused by the war. Congress didn't have the authority to get anything done, there was no organization which led to the excessive printing of moved, causing inflation. The Articles of Confederation were put to test by Shays' Rebellion. -
Treaty of Paris of 1783
After the Americans fought many battles for independence from Great Britain, the British were defeated. The colonies became states. The Treaty of Paris, was the official document that declared the American states were free from British, sovereign, and independent nation. The Treaty was signed in Paris by the representatives of King George III and representatives of the United States of America. This treaty also established the border between British territory and United States territory, -
Shays' Rebellion
Taxes were extremely high to pay for the farmers to pay of the national debt left from the American Revolution. The Courts started to take the farms of the former slaves in compensation of the taxes they weren't able to pay. This was unfair and infuriated the farmers since their only source of income was take, former revolutionary Daniel Shays started the revolution, attacking Courts with other farmers in Massachusetts. This revolution showed that the Articles of Confederation were too weak. -
Period: to
The Constitution
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Constitutional Convention
Shays' Rebellion proved that the Article of Confederation were weak and a new government had to rise, 2 plans were proposed.The Virginia Plan: Executive, Judiciary and Two House Legislature made up of Lower House and the Upper House. Representation based on population. The New Jersey Plan: modified version of the Article of Confederation, one Legislature, 1 vote per state, Senate, Executive. Connecticut Plant: was a combination, Bi-Cameral, Senate, House of representatives, Modern day Congress. -
Three Branches
The Three Branches of Government came to existence in the Constitution. The Branches came with a system of Checks and Balances proposed by James Madison to avoid any Branch from becoming too powerful. Legislative Branch: is known as Congress, which is were the laws are made up of Senate and House of Representatives. Executive: is administrated by the president, they can enforce or veto the laws. Judicial: consist if the 9 Supreme Court Justices, interpret issue dealing with the Constitution. -
Election of 1788
This was the first presidential election for the new born Nation, United States of America. The nation needed a leader to lead the nation, George Washington was the best candidate since he had become an idol to the Americans so he was unanimously elected by the electoral college. Many opposed the presidency since they believed that the President would become a tyrant, just like the one they got independent . Runner up, John Adams became the Vice President since the 2nd place would become the VP. -
Period: to
The New Republic
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Whiskey Rebellion
To pay off the 54 million debt of the American Revolution, the US had to tax its people, so the Whiskey Act was passed. The farmers were directly affected by this, since Whiskey made the majority of income to these farmers. Washington wit 13,000 men rushed to confront the rebellious farmers in Pennsylvania, since Washington was such an idol, the rebellion dissolved upon his arrival. This rebellion tested the new government, proved the the Constitution was strong enough to control the nation. -
Bank of the United States
The National Bank of the United States was proposed by Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury. Thomas Jefferson was the primary person to be against the National Bank, he absolutely hated the bank. He believed that it would only favor the rich people. He also pointed out that the Constitution did not explicitly grant the Congress the power to establish the National Bank so it was unconstitutional.Washington signed the bill to create the Bank of the United States in Philadelphia in 1791. -
Bill of Rights
List of individual freedoms was the Bill of Rights that were added to the United State Constitution. The Federalist opposed the rectification of Bill of Rights, they just wanted the Constitution since they wanted a strong central government. The Anti- Federalist, wanted states and individual rights to avoid another tyranny. Changing the Constitution would have complicated the interpretation of the Constitution so the 10 amendments proposed by the states were added to protect the people. -
Changes in Agriculture
Agriculture had a major industrialization after the 1812 war, the iron plow was created by Jethro Wood, the iron plow would facilitate the task of plowing the land to get their crops to the fertile soil and it was attached to a beast. The Cotton Gin facilitated the task of separating the seeds from the cotton. Before, a slave would take around 10 hour to produce just 1 pound, with the Cotton Gin, 2 slaves could produce 50 pounds of cotton in a day. The crack churn would turn cream into butter. -
Jay's Treaty
Was a treaty to solve the issues of Amity, Navigation and Commerce between the United States and England. British was selling weapons to the Natives which were attacking American Forts. Impressing from England and France, they were harassing American ships, taking cargo and men, making them part of their navy. Britain had forts on American Soil. Federalist were Pro-British, seen as traitors by the Republicans who were Pro-french. The treaty created a new political party: Democratic Republicans. -
Election of 1796
Washington doesn't run 3rd term, he gives his Farewell Address, he recommended, no permanent alliances just temporary ones. The run for presidency was between former vice president John Adams(Federalist) vs former Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson(Democratic-Republican). The French Revolution was happening then, so each political party accused each other of favoring a country. The Federalist were favored the British and the Democratic-Republicans favored the French. Adams won the election. -
XYZ Affair
Due to Jay's Treaty, French had limited trade so they began seizing American Ships. In order to stop them, American envoys went to France to work out a deal. 3 unknown French Diplomats, known as "XYZ", offered 3 Cessions, 1.)$250,000 to speak with the 3, 2.)10 million dollar loan from the US to France and 3.) A personal apology from John Adams. The Cessions were outrageous and were all rejected, rumors of the affair spread all over the US, this infuriated the Americans, causing the Quasi War. -
Changes in Industry
The North of the United States went from agriculture based to Industrial powered by the steam engine. There was changes in labor, the factoring system was introduced. Artisans lost their jobs since factories were way better at making clothes and products. Children and Woman are now allowed to work in the factories. Luxury items are more accessible to the standard people. Women created the Waltham System, were woman work in the factories but they also live in the factories. Goods become cheaper. -
Free-Black Communities
The free African Americans live in the North, the south has the majority of them as slaves. There was still racial discrimination and segregation in the Northern United States towards the Blacks, Blacks live in Black areas and Whites live with Whites. The Blacks compete for the jobs with foreign immigrants that primarily came from Europe like the Irish, Germans, Scandinavians and British that migrated. Americans have more prejudice and hostility to the immigrants than the African Americans. -
Southern Society
There was 3 social levels in then south, Planters, Yeoman Farmers and Tenant Farmers. The Planters were the elites of the South whites, The majority of them did not own slaves, some had between 1-9 slaves, they made up the majority of population. The Yeoman Farmers made communal efforts, 75% of them did not own slaves and a large amount of them relied on planters.A portion resented Planters. Tenant Farmers made up 30-%50 of the South. They were the poor class and that rented farms for use. -
Slavery
In the 1800s slavery was decreasing until the creation of the Cotton Gin impacted the Southern economy, which demanded for more slaves to make more money.The Lower South was great for cotton, dark rich soil, and cotton cultivation spread west since cotton would exhaust the nutrition of the soil. The Upper South was not as fertile, had a short growing season, had a variety of crops, not just cotton. Slavery was unnecessary in the Upper south so they began selling their slaves to the Lower South. -
Slavery 1800s
In the 1800, white started to beocome abolitionist due to the Second Great Awakening, spreading the religious believe of everyone being born the same, everyone being a human.However, this did not meant people stopped being racist or willing to be near blacks. Gradualism became popular, the system to free African slaves but send them to Africa, Liberia. Immediatism, to end half of slavery. Anti-Abolitionist groups also rised to harass the white that wanted slavery to end in the United States. -
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Age of Jefferson
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Jefferson Administration
Jefferson was for a smaller central government. He made the Louisiana Purchase, when Napoleon was in need of money, he offered 3 cents per acre, which was an offer that Jefferson couldn't resist. The Purchase was debated wether it was constitutional to use the national funds to buy land from other countries. Lousiana was purchase which doubled the size of the US. Jefferson sent Merriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the new purchased land, with the help of Sacagawea they were successful. -
Second Great Awakening
The Second Great Awakening was a series of religious revivals in america. This movement emphasized religious romanticism, the movement opposed secularism, the believe that the government should not be related to religion. The believe of Deism was also contrary to the movement, people stopped believing that the Earth was created by God and God let the people do what they wanted without his caring or doing anything to intervene. Students started receiving grades and prison got improved. -
Election of 1800
The election was a rematch between (Federalist)John Adams and (Democratic-Republican)Thomas Jefferson. Federalist had lost popularity because of the Alien and Sedition Acts that were passed during JOhn Adams Presidency. The tied top candidates was Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, they were from the same polical party: Democratic-Republic. Since the electoral votes were tied, the Presidency was going to be decided from the House of Representatives. Due to Hamilton influence, Thomas Jefferson won. -
Madison Presidency
The Embargo Act from Jefferson's Presidency, prohibited trade from US and any other country like Britain and France.This was affecting the economical status of the port states. many people ignored it but the French and British were angry so they began impressment. They attacked American ships and took sailors to become part of their navy. The British were selling weapons to Natives to attack Americans, Tecumseh was a Native that raided American settlements, all of this led to the War of 1812. -
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny was the believe that America should expand all over North America and not stop for any reason. This expansion was primarily going towards the west since the English colonies that later became states were settled in the East Coast of North America, Mexico owned the land in to the South of the United States. France owned Louisiana which was bought by the US. The remaining territories to acquire were California, Texas and Oregon which were all obtained under President James K Polk. -
War of 1812
The War was between the United States and Great Britain. The Americans rushed to Canada but were defeated by the Natives and the British. The British chased the Americans and took Detroit. The US defeated the British Navy in the Great Lakes. The Americans fought the battle of York in 1813 and burned down the capital. In 1814 the British landed on the Chesapeake Bay and burned down the White House in Washington D.C. Eventually the War ended with the Treaty of Ghent. No one won the War of 1812. -
Changes in Transportation
Modern roads are created, transportation is more efficient and faster so it becomes cheaper to travel. Wagons get improved. The Steam Boat is the cheapest way of transportation powered by the steam engine. Canals are created, Erie Canal connects New York. Since the transportation of goods is much easier and way faster, the prices of goods become cheaper. Now railroads are created everywhere, the trains can be loaded wit a large amount of supplies and the transportation would arrive earlier. -
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The American Industrial Revolution
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Missouri Crisis
Missouri was a territory that had enough people t become a state, so applied to become a state. They applied to enter the Union as a Slave State. This was an issue since the addition of the Missouri would uneven the ration of 1:1 slave to free state. To add it as a free state congress proposed an emancipation to free the slave but Missouri refused to become free. Congress was not allowed to force a territory to become slave or free to be added, this crisis was solved by the Missouri Compromise. -
Panic of 1819
Was the very first financial crisis in the United States. The economy stopped growing due to the banks failing. People were kicked out of their homes and property due to not being able to pay. Everyone went into poverty. The War of 1812 and the dropping prices of crops like cotton were major factors. The US also did wrong by exporting more goods to Britain and receiving less imports from Britain. Loans were given and the people never paid them. All of these factors cause the Economy to crash. -
Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise was the solution Congress made end the sectional and political rivalry that the admission of Missouri had created. It was a big issue because the ratio favoring slave states would give more power to slave states in congress. A chunk of Massachusetts, which got named Maine was added as free state to balance the ratio. The line of coordinates 36 30 determined weather the state was free or slave. The states below the line were slave, the state above the line were free -
Architecture
Greece becomes very influential in Americans. The Ancient Greek architecture is revived, ancient Greece had a Democratic government. President Andrew Jackson was the greatest idol to the Common Man and huge supporter of democracy. At the same years in 1820, The War of Greek Independence was being fought in Greece, the Greek revolutionaries were successful and gained independence from Ottoman Empire.Towns in the United states started getting named after Greek cities: Troy, Ithala and Syracuse. -
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Cultural Changes
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Monroe Doctrine
James Monroe passed the Monroe Doctrine. This document prohibited the European Nations from colonizing in the Americas. It was written by his Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams. IN the document, the US agreed to not interfere and recognize the already existing colonies. They basically ended the European expansion to the Americas and ask them to not interfere with American business. The European Nations didn't believe the United States could support the Doctrine due to their weak military. -
Age of Common Man
This was an era were the "Common Man' was significant and important to how the government would run. The "Common Man" were the ordinary people of the United States, usually poor farmers who didn't have much education, didn't come from a prestigious family and those who didn't own land. In the Election of 1824, voters no longer were required to own land in order to vote for the future president, before this requirement only allowed the rich to vote since they were the only ones that owned land. -
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Age of Jackson
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John Quincy Adams Presidency
John Quincy Adams was a very educated president, he studied at several European locations and was one of the best prepared president of the US. Adams promoted the american system: proposing a tariff to protect the American Industry, a national bank and improvement in infrastructure like roads, canals, railroads and other internal improvements to make the agricultural industry more efficient to make more money. After losing the election for his second term he served in House of Representatives. -
Election of 1824
Now the Common Man was now allowed to vote. The top 4 running for presidency were John Quincy Adam, Andrew Jackson, William Crawford and Henry Clay. Jackson won the most electoral votes but not the majority (131) so the Presidency was decided by the House of Representative, which only allowed the top 3 candidates to continue. So Clay got left out, he convince people to vote for Adams in return of Adams making him Secretary of State. Jackson lost and called their affair the Corrupt Bargain. -
Jackson's Presidency
To pick his cabinet, Jackson used the Spoils System, a system were position in the cabinet were given to people who supported, were friends or family to Jackson, based on loyalty not based on merit(who had the abilities for the position). The Nullification Crisis was caused by the tariff passed by Jackson in 1832, the taxes were too high so South Carolina nullified it which caused a huge issue and debate. He later passed the Indian Removal Act, to take Cherokee out of their land which had gold. -
Election of 1828
This was the rematch of Andrew Jackson vs John Quincy Adams after the lost Jackson took in the Election of 1824. Jackson supporters grew larger and larger since Jackson was an idol to the Common Man. The tariff of 1828 passed by Adams, lost him popularity in the south. Then the election got really nasty and personal, Adams supporters starting attacking Jackson's wife Rachael, accusing her of bigamy, after the victory of election, Rachael died. New parties arised: Democratic and Whig party. -
Temperance Movement
The Temperance Movement was a movement against alcohol. Some supporters were against the intoxication of alcohol and others were against the consumption of alcohol in general. The movement pointed out the effects that abuse of alcohol would have in families and personal behavior. They often called for stricter laws to prohibit the consumption of alcohol or to administrate the availability of it to the people. Woman heavily supported this movement because they were affected by the use alcohol. -
Changes in Communication
News arrive way quicker to their destination, horseback riders are no longer that efficient. Samuel Morse created the telegraph, which works kind of like a telephone text message. Electrical signals were transmitted between stations through wire, the message would come out as a code, the Morse Code was created by Samuel Morse which was the only way to interpret the message. Christopher Latham created the first type writer, which made copies and printed way faster, lowering the price of writing. -
Millennialism
The believe that a 1,000 years of peace would come after the arrival of Christ. Shakers supported this believe, they were also celibate, not believing in marriage and abstaining from sexual relationships. They did believe in Gender equality, they had no private property, since they didn't reproduce their population decreased. Mormons were part o"f Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints", Joseph Smith was their founder, the founded Golden Tablets were translate and named the Book of Mormon. -
Underground Railroad/ Harriet Tubman
The Underground Railroad, was a system that fugitive slaves used to escape from the South to the North for freedom. It was "underground" because it was secret and illegal, no specific routes to take, safe houses were checkpoints in the North were the fugitive slaves could hide and keep moving further North. Around 100,000 slaves escaped between 1830-1860. Harriet Tubman was a slave who escaped using this system she later became a conductor(guide) and took slaves all the way to Canada. -
Election of 1832
Jackson was running for his second term against Henry Clay. Some people didn't like Jackson's first term because of the Indian Removal Act, Spoil System etc. Henry Clay and his followers created a new political party: National Republican Party. Henry set up a trap for Jackson to veto the charter of the National Bank, Jackson did and gave a speech to convince the Common Man the National Bank was bad, This led to the Bank War which led to a major recession. Jackson beat Clay in the election. -
Battle of the Alamo
Battle of the Alamo was a memorable battle in the Texan Revolution to get independent from Mexico. The Alamo was a fortress were Texan with American men held out to fight Mexico. The Mexican Army was under the command of General Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana and among the frontiersmen was Davy Crockett. Santa Ana led his troop up to the Alamo, he took heavy casualties and the siege took 13 days but Mexico won the battle. This battle inspired Texans to fight for those to gave their lives. -
Election of 1836
Martin Van Buren was the Vice President of Andrew Jackson and he was the creator the Democratic Party. The Whig Party being led by Henry Clay, had 4 candidates running for president to beat Martin Van Buren in each region, Martin Van Buren won, he won most of the state with 170 electoral votes. The Whigs' strategy didn't work to get rid of the Democratic Presidency, by running 4 candidates they split the votes too much and there wasnt a large popularity for a Whig party to beat Martin Van Buren. -
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Westward Expansion
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Oregon Territory
The Oregon territory was owned by the British over the 49th parallel and Vancouver Island. President James Knox Polk was so obsessed with Manifest Destiny that he would do anything to make sure that America reached from East Coast to West Coast. He threaten to go to war with Britain if they didn't gave up their claim on the Oregon Territory. Britain gave up their claim in the Oregon Treaty. The Oregon trail was the way to get to Oregon from the East, the trail was over 2,000 miles long. -
California Territory
When the Mexican-American War began James K Polk sent John C Fremont along with frontiersman/ guide Kit Carson. They were victorious at taking over California that was poorly defended, so Fremont sent Kit Carson back to James K Polk to inform him about the victory. Along the harsh way back Carson Ran into Officer Stephen W Kearney,, then they noticed Mexico had not given up California, Kearney along with other militias that Carson gathered, defeated the Mexican reinforcements, taking California. -
Texas Territory/ Beginning of Mexican-American War
The Texan Territory was a independent Country but was under Mexican rule. President James K Polk sent his men to negotiate the purchase of Texas, California and New Mexico. Mexico consider the negotiation, so Polk made a trap for Mexico to provoke war in order to gain the territories he wanted from Mexico. He told General Zachary Taylor to position in Mexican territory, which provoked the Mexican and he lied saying they killed his men in American Soil. This began the Mexican American War. -
Slavery after the Mexican-American War
After the Mexican-American War, Texas wanted to be added to the Union but it was left at standby because Congress didn't want to add it as a slave state since it would throw off the ratio 1:1 of slave to free states. David Wilmot, proposed Wilmont Proviso which prohibited slavery in the new acquired territories by Mexico from the Mexican-American War. In the election of 1848, the Free Soiler Party rised made up of abolitionist Democrats and Whigs, however, Whig Zachary Taylor won the election. -
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Sectionalism
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California Gold Rush
California needed a lot more settler in order to become a state. Gold was discovered in the territory of California in 1848, this caused thousands of people to migrate to California but the people migrating were not all Americans, a large portion of them were Chinese Immigrants.Gold was extremely easy to find, by 1852 Californians begin to mine for old underground.By 1854, 45,000 Chinese migrate for better opportunities working in mines, they become that most hate race by the White Americans. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
With the defeat of the Mexican Army in the Mexican-American War, a deal had to be written to officially end the war. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in February 2nd in Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo. This treaty set the border between Mexico and the United State. The Texas Territory was now American and the border for it was at the Rio Grande. Mexico gave the Mexican Cession, which included California, part of New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Wyoming and Colorado. US paid 15 million. -
Suffrage
Family life got affected by the industrialization impacting the United States. An entire family were able to work in factories, children and women were a huge part of the industry and helped raise the economy. Women from country sides to cities, to work in factories. Woman were also called the "Champions of Temperance" since they led the movement to stop the abuse of alchohal. On 1828, the "Seneca Falls Convention" was held for women's rights, in this convention, women were now allowed to vote. -
Personal Liberty Laws
The Personal Liberty Laws were laws made to repel the Fugitive Slave act. 9 Northern states prohibited the return of fugitive slaves back to the South. The neutral slavery Northerners were forced to pick pro or anti slavery. Free slave communities were affected by these laws. Literature made people change their opinion of slave. Uncle Tom's Cabin was a book that showed the real struggles that slave had to deal with and Aunt Phillips Cabin was a southerner book that showed slavery being good. -
Compromise of 1850
There was a large amount of places to debate about slavery so Henry Clay proposed the Compromise of 1850 which consisted of 5 laws. The first, California would be admitted as a free state. Second, New Mexico and Utah would decide if their territory was slave or free. Third, the Slave Sales would be abolished in Washington D.C but not slavery. Fourth, New Mexico would pay Texas for disputed land. The fifth was the Fugitive Slave Act, were northerners had to help send runaway slaves back to South. -
Election of 1852
The Compromise of 1850 had calm down the tension of slavery but it just set up more chaos. The Whig party was running with Windfield Scott for presidency. The Democratic Party nominated Franklin Pierce to run for presidency. Several 3rd parties were running. Free Soilers nominated John P Hail .When Windfield Scott got nominated by the Whig party, the Union Party nominated former Whig Daniel Webster. Know-Nothings nominated Daniel Webster. Southern Rights Party nominated George Troup. Pierce Won. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
This Act, allowed the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether to be free or slave. This act repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which only allowed slavery under the 36 30 latitude line. After the act was passed, Pro and Anti slavery supported went fast and in masses to Kansas and Nebraska to affect the first election. Pro-Slavery won but the election was called a fraud since Pro-Slavery paid for voters, this lead to absolute chaos and death which was called Bleeding Kansas. -
Revivalism
The father of revivalism was Charles Grandison Finney, an attorney who later learned about the bible for law, and later became a preacher, he spread his believe of revivalism, of salvation. Finney was a great influence to his believers, he made crime rate drop evidently. It is believed he converted 500,000 people. He believed that Christ would come back after the millennium would come and the way for the millennium to come soon, people in America had to repent and obey what the Lord said . -
North
The Industrial Revolution had impacted primarily the North of the United States. They had around 110,000 factories, 97% of all the weapons are made in the North The steam engine power the industry, they also had immigrants that were paid a low amount for labor. They also had an advantage over the South since they had 30,000 miles of railroads. They also had a larger population, 22 million. 1.5 Billion funds for the war from industrialization, they are fighting to uphold the Constitution. -
South
Had small industrial areas since the region relied on agriculture economically. Cotton is the main money makers but other crops like tobacco also contribute to the economy. They believe that slavery is a just institute. They have a population of 9 million but 3.5-4 million are slaves. In the south there is only about 18,000 factories, 115 million to fund the war. What gave the south a chance to win was their military leadership, competent leadership, they compare themselves as patriots. -
Battles
Battle of Bull Run(1861) Dowell loses to confederate general J. E. Johnston , Second Battle of Bull Run(1862) Pope loses to Confederate General Robert E Lee, Siege of Vicksburg(1863) Pemberton surrenders to Union General Ulysses S Grant, First Battle of Chattanooga(1862) Union bombs the Chattanooga, Battle of Antietam(1862) Union General McClellan beats Lee's invasion, Battle of Gettysburg(1863) Union General Meade defeats Lee, Appomattox Court House(1865) Lee surrenders to Union General Grant. -
Slavery
During the War, the Border States, which were located between the North and South were allowed to keep there slaves to avoid them from joining the confederacy. in January 1 1863, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation of Proclamation which officially freed all the slaves. The Proclamation also kept Britain from interfering in US conflicts. Because of the Proclamation, thousands of slaves fled to the North, some to join the Northern Army and others to free from Southern oppression. -
Leaders
The North: General Dowell was defeated in First Battle of Bull Run, General McClellan was good at training troops but bad at commanding. Under John Bull, the Union was defeated in Second Battle of Bull Run finally Lincoln found the best leader Ulysses S Grant. The South: the Confederacy had 5 main leaders. Samuel Cooper, Albert Sydney Johnston was killed at the Battle of Shiloh, Joseph e Johnston, P.G.T. Beauregaurd and Robert E Lee was the best leader and surrendered at the end of war,. -
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American Civil War
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Election of 1860
Slavery had divided the Nation severely, The Southern Democratic Party had candidates called fire eaters because they did not want to negotiate about slavery and threaten to secede from the Union. Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas. Southern Democratic Party nominated John C Breckenridge Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln. The Constitutional Union Party made up of former Whigs, nominated John Bell. Lincoln won, which made southern states to secede, forming The Confederate States of America. -
Lincoln's 10% Plan
After the battle of Vicksburg and Gettysburg were fought, the victories encouraged Lincoln to start the reconstruction of the Nation because he believed the end of the war was near. Since he believed that states seceded illegally, the plan was in a forgiving manner. In order for the southerner states to be readmitted, 10 percent of the states' population had to swear an Oath of Allegiance to the Union, establish a new government and elect new leaders, in return they would be pardoned and safe. -
Former Slaves
Former slaves received a good amount of government help to get into American Society. The Freedman's Bureau was an agency made to protect and help the former slaves live with jobs homes and education. The Civil Rights Act(1866) stated the every American born citizen had equal rights no matter their appearance or condition. Freed Africans were promised "40 acres and a mule" but never received them. The 13th amendment banned slavery, 14th stated every citizen equal, 15th was about suffrage. -
Life for Whites Reconstruction South
Northerners that moved to the south for political or economical benefit were called Carpetbaggers, nicknamed because they would try to influence and affect the politics in the South areas which they were not related to. Scalawags were Southerners that support the plans that the Federal Government had proposed for reconstruct, people who supported freedmen and those who joined the Carpetbaggers were included. The Southern Republicans were known as Radical Republicans for the support to freedmen. -
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Reconstruction
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Lincoln Assassination
6 days later after the war ended president Abraham Lincoln attended the play "Our American Cousin". When he was seated watching the play, well-known actor John Wikes Booth shot Lincoln in the back of the head with a .44 caliber pistol. Lincoln was rushed to a nearby home were Doctors visited him and pronounced the shot as fatal, Lincoln died the next day. Booth was trying to revive Confederate cause by killing Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William H Seward also, he failed. -
Andrew Johnson Administration
After Abraham Lincoln got killed, his vice president Andrew Johnson moved into office. He wanted the southern States to be readmitted unpunished, lenient readmission. For the former slaves, he wanted the states to decide what to do with them. Johnson kept on vetoing major bills that were meant to help freedmen but congress decided to override his vetos. He also pardoned high rank former Confederates. He was such a bad/racist president, he became the first ever president to get impeached in 1868. -
Election of 1868
The Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour to run for President and the Republicans nominated war hero Ulysses S Grant. Ulysses S Grant won the election. During his presidency the Black Friday Scadal happened were Fisk and Gould bought gold to resale for profit but it didn't work because the Treasury sold 4 million worth of gold lowering the price. The Whiskey Ring Scandal also happened were official were importing whiskey through their offices to avoid tax, stealing millions for the treasury. -
Problems with the British
After the war, the Treaty of Paris(1873) was not honored by the British, they didn't remove their forts from American soil which was they agreed to do and they didn't pay off debts. They were also remaining British in the Ohio Valley which they weren't allowed to be in. The British were providing weapons to the natives so that they would harass the Americans and raid their settlements. Spain was denied access to the Mississippi rivers which restricted them from trading with the United States -
Panic of 1873
The United States government hit the bottom of the floor. Inflation caused after the Civil War happened lowered the value of money. Attempting to Reconstruct America, banks and other industries invested a large amount of money on railroads which was a major factor that caused this depression.The demonetization of silver affected the economy not only to the United States but countries in Europe like Germany. New York Stock Exchange closed on September 20, 1873, people lost their jobs and money. -
The New South
New South, the Southerners called themselves, was basically a movement from a poor slave South to a new money making without slavery South. The New South promoted industrialization and a diversity of crops to grow to raise the economy. Henry W. Grady made up the term, the South wanted to rise economically and over the oppression from the North. Sharecropping becomes popular which is a system were former slaves keep working and gain half of the crops, all the changes brought an economic boom. -
Election of 1876
The Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes, the Democrats nominated Samuel Tilden and the 3rd party: Green Back Party, nominated Peter Cooper. Rutherford B. Hayes won, he had a hard job ahead because the economy was at the bottom. The reconstruction couldn't proceed with no funds, no money to spend on rebuilding. The panic of 1873 occurred which was close to the Great Depression, it was caused by the inflation after civil war, money spend on railroads with the help of corruption and other. -
Women at Work
During the War, the men had to leave their homes, jobs, families and farms to become soldiers. This left the women in charge of many of the jobs, they had to manage the farms, work on factories while taking care of their children, some took the role of teachers as well. Woman had a great impact in the civil war since Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross and healed ill or injured soldiers, nurses would help both sides, all the contributions from women earn them rights in the future. -
Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance was a document made to settle the Northwest Land. The document proposed a system of admission of territories to become States in the Union. First the territory needed to elect a governor, Secretary and 3 Judges, Second, the state needed to Elect Congress when the population was around 5.000 voters, and Third they had to request when they had 60,000 population. Ordinance also divided the land into 3-5 states and it came with a set of Bill of Rights to protect citizens.
