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Period: 25,000 BCE to
BEGINNINGS TO EXPLORATION
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12,000 BCE
Mesoamerica - New World Agriculture
New world agriculture occurred at almost the same time in Mesoamerica as in the Eastern Hemisphere. The domestication of plants gave way to staple crops such as corn, wheat, tomatoes, squash, and potatoes. This new form of agriculture changed to culture of Native societies as people began to settle down and form permanent settlements rather than be nomadic and always on the move for the next source of food. An excess food supply also allowed the Natives to have a diverse labor force. -
500
Dark Ages - Catholic Church
In the dark ages where people led a backwards life that was short and brutal, many turned to religious beliefs to help them cope during harsh times. This was a time in which the general population was not highly educated and only those in the churches were literate. Because of this, churches would dominate everything and even be the main driving force of the government rather than the king who was more of a figure-head. Churches would even keep others from becoming educated to maintain power. -
1100
The Crusades - Technology
The crusades were between Christians and Muslims over the fight for control of the Holy Lands of Jerusalem. Because the war and expeditions were fought in a different terrain, several people of different culture were connected to each other. Because of this, people were able to bring back knowledge of new technology such as gunpowder and weapons. With this knowledge, the European people were able to develop military upgrades such as new guns and cannons with the use of gunpowder to use in war. -
1440
The Renaissance - Printing Press
The creation of the printing press owes its origins to the German Johann Gutenberg. Gutenberg invented the printing press which increased the literacy of the general population, allowing people to become more educated. Because of the printing press increasing literacy, the catholic churches who were heavily relied on for preachings and advice were no longer needed. People began to think individually and have their own opinions, rather than going with what they were told to do and believe in. -
Jun 7, 1494
Exploration - Treaty of Tordesillas
The Treaty of Tordesillas was created on June 7, 1494 and was between the two countries of Spain and Portugal regarding the division of the New World. This treaty followed the discovery of the New World by Columbus sent from Spain and Vespucci from Portugal. The division was drawn up from the Pope himself as he divided Brazil for Portugal and the lands west of that for Spain. The treaty was important because it also promoted other European countries to join in on the race to the New World. -
Oct 31, 1517
Reformation - Martin Luther
In 1517 following the mass printing of the bible and individualism after the invention of the printing press, Luther takes a stand against the corruption of the catholic church by nailing his famous 95 theses to the church door in Germany. This was taken as a declaration against the church itself and Martin was broken off by the church and excommunicated. After his act of defiance, Luther later starts the protestant reformation, causing uproar against the majority of European Catholics. -
New France - Fur Trading
The French explored much of the interior of North America following the exploration of the New World by numerous countries. Because the French only wanted to trade with the Natives for furs, they would often accommodate to the Native culture and would not force Christian conversions. This led to the best relations with Natives compared to the brutality of the Spaniards. Furs was a growing market in Europe and increased the demand for them to make warm hats and clothing following cold winders. -
Chesapeake Colonies - Location of Settlements
The Chesapeake colonies were a series of colonies settled on the coasts or waterways which was because bodies of water offered food source and water needed for crops and daily life. They were also sprawled out rather than clustered and condensed populations. As many more people traveled to the New World to settle, there was an increasing need for more land as settlements began to move towards the west. Further west is where numerous Native settlements are, which led to many violent conflicts. -
Period: to
ENGLISH COLONIAL SOCIETIES
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New England Colonies - Mayflower Compact
The Mayflower Compact was signed by Puritans who were on a spiritual quest because England and Holland was too corrupt. They landed in Massachusetts where they created the Mayflower Compact which was an agreement amongst the Puritans on a self-governance under their legally made settlement. The compact forced the recognition of Britain that that area was legally settled and the property of the Puritans that have settled there although they will remain loyal to the current King James I. -
Caribbean Colonies - Barbados, Jamaica
English led expedition of Captain Henry Powell, English settlers landed on the island of Barbados and later claim it under the name of King James I. Because the climate was suitable for sugar cane, sugar became the main cash crop and was was drove much of European colonies as it was used in almost everything. Sugar became so highly demanded by many countries that to keep up with the supply, indentured servants and African American slaves were used extensively in the production of sugar. -
Issues - Nathaniel Bacon
Virginia colonist Nathaniel Bacon led a revolt against the governor of Virginia, William Berkeley. Bacon and his followers were upset with the rejection from the governor to lead and support a counter-attack against the Natives who have been attacking the Virginians. The rebellion was included of several indentured servants and others who were frustrated with the colonial food shortage and falling tobacco prices which led to a decline in the colony. All these things flamed the rebellion. -
Colonial Economies - Mid-Atlantic
The Mid-Atlantic colonies were known as being the "bread-basket" as the climate and soil was the most suitable for agriculture along with the location of many sources of water such as the harbor and rivers. The economy has small manufacturing industries compared to the abundance of the north and agriculture as in Pennsylvania, making the economy fairly mixed. With many Dutch settlers in this area, European trade and many merchants also played a major role in the economy of the Mid-Atlantic. -
Glorious Revolution - English Bill of Rights
The English Bill of Rights was signed by both William and Mary which detailed the separation of powers within the government and also limits the power of the king and queen. It was to protect the people's basic rights, including rights such as o excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment. The bill contains much of what the United States Bill of Rights was later modeled after. It had a huge impact on colonial governance as they were now self ruled by a representative government. -
Salem Witch Trials
The Salem Witch Trials occurred in the Massachusetts Bay colony where two little girls of the town's minister would begin to act strangely saying it was due to their house slave, Tituba, practicing witchcraft. Tituba was the first to be accused by the small girls in the long list of other people who would soon follow. This was caused by mass hysteria and paranoia of the people fearing others. It was even further highlighted by political figures who would accuse their opponents of witchcraft. -
Slavery - Middle Passage
The Middle Passage was mass transport of slaves who were conditioned in the Caribbeans and then imported to the mainlands to be put to work. Demand for these slaves increased drastically in the 1700's along with the increase in demands. The passage also coined the term saltwater slaves, which were those who were directly transported from their location to the mainlands, skipping the harsh conditioning process. Conditions were very poor and more than 10% of slaves perished during the trip. -
The Enlightenment - John Locke
John Locke was one of the important individuals in the enlightenment era in which many people began to think as individuals and turn to reasoning and sciences. Locke was an important figure as he believed in the consent of the governed, which was one of the main ideas for future colonial government. He also believed in natural unalienable rights such as the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. All of which will be part of the American constitution for several years to come. -
Act of Union
The 1707 Act of Union united both England and Scotland, giving rise to Britain which was formally known as England. Under the act, the Parliament would be the ultimate head rather than the king and queen who would make governance decisions. Although this unified the two countries, the colonies in the New World still ran under local control without the direct influence from their mother country. Because the Parliament was now the head, there was now a federal system with a central authority. -
Period: to
COLONIAL AMERICA TO 1763
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The Enlightenment - Secularism
The idea of secularism followed independent thinkers during the enlightenment movement as an increasing amount of people favored the idea of separation between church and state. The separation would weaken the power and influence of churches on governmental decisions, making several religious people against it. Secularism would soon cause another movement to arise which was led by religious reformers who sought to bring back the importance of religion, soon to be known as the Great Awakening. -
The Great Awakening - George Whitefield
George Whitefield was a gospel preacher during the Great Awakening which was an era of religious revival. The preached things such as the promotion of people to pick their own congregations to find salvation for their own souls. Along with this, to satisfy growing spiritual needs, new churches would be made and ordinary people would now be given a voice. Whitefield traveled through much of North America as he preached to large masses of people, often outdoors connecting to nature and spirits. -
Seven Years War - Fort William Henry
The siege at Fort William Henry was the turning point during the French and Indian War which would lead Britain and the colonies to victory. It was 1757 at this fort where the French troops led a siege onto the British soldiers who have had control of the fort, leading to several skirmishes outside the fort for several days. By the time the fort walls were bypassed by the French soldiers, there were not enough supplies and ammunition to win the battle causing the French general to surrender. -
Seven Years War - Treaty of Paris 1763
The Treaty of Paris 1763 was what ended the Seven Years War between the British colonists and the French who got the help of the natives during the war. The treaty forced France of secede all their territory held in North America, pushing French influence back into Canada. This was a major loss for the natives who fought on their side as the British would now be turned against them as the French were no longer backing them up. Absence of France also got rid of any threat from foreign countries. -
Period: to
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 1763 - 1783
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Acts of Parliament - Townshend Act
The Townshend Act was passed by Parliament upon the colonies in 1767, causing even further anger as the colonists were forced to pay taxes to cover the costs of the Seven Years War. The act was a tax on daily goods such as paper, glass, lead, paint, and tea. Because the goods imported were now taxed, this caused widespread protests amongst colonists by halting the import of goods, later known as non-importation. It also stripped the colonists of their prior freedom under salutary neglect. -
Boston Massacre - Paul Revere
The Boston Massacre of 1770 occurred when a mass of Bostonians harassed British soldiers after they were angered as they were forced to pay higher taxes to help Britain who was in debt after the war. Paul Revere painted the massacre that happened and it was known as the first example of American propaganda as the painting depicted the British as perpetrators. This painting spread throughout the colonies, raising anger in colonists at the unjust deaths caused by the hands of the British. -
Dunmore's Proclamation
Issued by British Royal governor of Virginia, John Murray issued the Dunmore's Proclamation which granted freedom to the slaves if they were to join the war and fight on the side of the British. This proclamation was issued in the hopes of quickly ending the war and winning it in favor of Britain, putting an end to rebellions the colonists were putting up. Dunmore believed that if slavery was put on the line, mass amounts of slaves would join the fight in hopes of returning home with freedom. -
Olive Branch Petition
The Olive Branch Petition was the last attempt of the colonists and their hope for peace in avoiding a revolutionary war with Britain. The petition was drafted by the Continental Congress and then sent to King George I. Although in the petition the colonists pledged their loyalty to the crown and only wanted the same rights as the British, they were rejected. The king's rejection only increased support of the revolution amongst the colonists as they see independence is the only option left. -
Common Sense - Thomas Paine
Common Sense was a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776. It was a book about how independence from Britain was the only option, spurring colonists passion and rage towards Britain further. It called for a republic while subtly attacking monarchy. The popularity of the book was also due to the widespread popularity and relatively cheap price to obtain. Because of this book, many colonists had a change in monarchical views and a strong will for independence from the corruption of Britain. -
Battles - Battle of Saratoga
The Battle of Saratoga was the main turning point during the American Revolution as the colonists fought against the British for their colonial independence. Prior to the battle, the war was in favor of the British but it soon turned in favor of the colonists. This showed other countries that the colonists had a chance in defeating the British, which is what gained the support if France during the war. Americans have now gained support from France with both troops and with help from the navy. -
Articles of Confederation - Problems
The Articles of Confederation was the United States' first type of constitution, but because it was drafted up during the American Revolution, it was very weak with many flaws. The main problem with it was that were was no definite central authority. Without a central authority, taxes and money was left up to the states, meaning there was no government to enforce taxation. Because of this, the government had to rely on requisitions which the states would not comply to, leading to many revolts. -
Period: to
THE CONSTITUTION
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Treaty of Paris 1783
The Treaty of Paris 1783 was what ended the revolutionary war and gave the American colonists independence from Britain. The treaty established a northern border of Canada with the British and also granted both nations access to the Mississippi River. Although the treaty demanded the return of property to loyalists who lost their land as they were seized by patriots during the war, the colonists never held up their end of the bargain. Along with this, the US received additional frontier land. -
Shay's rebellion
Shay's Rebellion occurred in Western Massachusetts and made people realize that the Articles of Confederation had to be reformed. The rebellion was led by Daniel Shay as he led angry revolutionary war veterans and farmers who were angered at the conditions and the poorly preforming economy. Because there was no set central authority, the rebellion took awhile to be put down as it began to spread and get out of control. It was later eventually put down by the Massachusetts local militia. -
American Virtue - Education
Because America is still going through the Age of Enlightenment, the promotion of education and thinking independently arises and pushes people further. With religion being less important and the attention on secularism, the populace becomes even more educated as it spreads its education to the youth. It is around this time that universities and schools began to pop up. Although they were mainly for the wealthy, the general population became more educated than before with teachers on the rise. -
Constitutional Convention - Virginia Plan
The Virginia Plan was created on 1787 and was mainly designed around the idea of large states as they focused on the premise that the Articles of Confederation should be gotten rid of and replaced. It called for a two house legislature where all branches are equal as they are ran under the checks and balances. There would also be two houses (upper and lower house) and the representation would be based on the population. Because it's based on population, this wouldn't benefit the smaller states. -
Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance was the set of rules for future admission of new states into the Union. It stated that new states must have at least a 60,000 population before they could be admitted. The ordinance also settled other things such as the representation of the people through governors. At leas 5,000 land owners are needed for legislatures and it also rejected the idea of slavery. The bill of rights was also guaranteed for the territory in the regulation of new settlements in the region. -
Massachusetts Constitution
The Massachusetts Constitution was written and drafted up by none other than John Adams. It was a basic outline that the United States Constitution would model after in the future. One of the things that was similar between the two Constitutions is the idea and belief of individual unalienable rights, the preamble, and the basic frame of government. The government would be divided into three branches and ran under the checks and balance in order to maintain an equal distribution of power. -
The Great Debate - Federalists & Anti-Federalists
The Federalist and Anti-Federalist parties formed after the ratification of the Constitution over the disagreement of how much power the government should have. This led to the great debate where each group would spread propaganda news to get more people to believe in their cause. For example, the Anti-Federalist Papers had newspapers boasting the benefits of having states rights and control rather than leaving it to the federal government with the Federalists for a strong central government. -
Election of 1788 - George Washington
The election of 1788 was the first election of America and it was between George Washington and John Adams. Initially, Washington had no intentions to run but due to his popularity as a general during the American Revolution, he ran for presidency. Because he did not choose a Vice President, the position was automatically given to the second place winner, John Adams. His cabinet was also decided based on the Prime Minister's system in Britain as it is important for running the government. -
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NEW REPUBLIC
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Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion began on 1791 and was caused by angered Pennsylvania and Kentucky farmers who had to pay a 25% tax on whiskey that was placed by Alexander Hamilton. Because whiskey was economically important in that region, many farmers violently revolted as 6,000 threaten to attack Pittsburgh. This was a test of the Constitution to see how effectively the government would put down the rebellion. It only took Washington to lead an army to the area until the mass of farmers dispersed. -
Bill of Rights
After the much heated debate between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists regarding how much power the government should hold compared to states, a compromise was made. In order to maintain basic rights that could not be violated on a federal level, the Federalists opted for the Bill of Rights to be included in the Constitution. This pleased the Anti-Federalists and allowed for the ratification of the constitution. The Bill of Rights was a document that outlined individual rights of the people. -
Changes in Agriculture - Cotton Gin
The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney in the Southern part of America. It was invented to help process cotton at a quicker pace, allowing for a larger quantity of seeds separated from cotton compared to what would have been done by hand. Because this machine increased the amount of cotton, demand for cotton began to grow. In turn to keep up with the markets demands, a larger amount of slaves were needed to help keep up with the manual labor. This machine was just one amongst the industry. -
International Conflicts - Jay's Treaty
The Jay's Treaty was signed as a negotiation between John Jay who was first chief justice of America and Britain regarding the British occupation in American lands. This treaty states that the British leave the forts occupied, and stop arming the Natives by trading with them. By doing this, the Americans favored trade with the British if they comply to the demands. Because of the favoring towards Britain, Republicans were outraged and saw this as a pro-British deal amongst the federalists. -
Election of 1796 - Washington's Farewell Address
George Washington does not seek a third term, keeping it a tradition that each president serves only two terms. In his farewell address, Washington emphasizes the importance of refraining from "permanent" foreign alliances as to prevent conflicts. All alliances should only be temporary. He also stated that there should not be a division of parties as it would be dangerous for Americans to split into different factions. Washington's farewell address can be summed up as a warning for the future. -
Adam's Presidency - Alien and Sedition Acts
Under John Adam's presidency, the Alien and Sedition Acts were passed. The Alien Acts made it difficult for people to become a citizen and even made it a federal order for those who aren't legal citizens to be deported. Along with this, the Sedition Acts silenced the American citizens, restricting the first amendment, as it was now against the law to speak badly of the government. This was mainly used against the Republicans because the Federalists were against them, leading to major outrage. -
Period: to
THE AGE OF JEFFERSON
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Election of 1800 - Marbury v. Madison
The Marbury v. Madison is the most important Supreme Court case as it declared Judicial Review which stated that the judiciary branch is able to declare a case unconstitutional. The case was between Chief Justice Marshall and Marbury, who was appointed by John Adams the night before he left the office. Marshall ruled that Marbury was entitled to the position appointed to him as the supreme court lacks jurisdiction to decide the matter. This case also sets up the future modern day courts. -
Hamilton vs. Burr
Hamilton has had a long lasting rival against Burr, as he believed it was his duty to keep Burr away from governmental positions at all costs. This rivalry extended to the point where a duel broke out between the two, although it was illegal many wealthy people still did it as a means of settling conflicts. Hamilton later dies from a gunshot wound after the duel. This was a major blow to the Federalist party as Hamilton was the main leader of the party, his death leaving them without a leader. -
Jefferson Administration - Embargo Act of 1807
The Embargo Act of 1807 was passed under the Jefferson administration as a response to the findings that the British have been impressing American navy soldiers. The act deprived both Britain and France of American goods as America refused to trade with any other foreign country due to the war going on, forcing them to ultimately take sides. This lowered the rate of American goods being exported and imported, meaning Americans will eventually turn to a more domestic form of manufacturing. -
Period: to
THE AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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War of 1812 - Battle of New Orleans
The battle of New Orleans was the final battle that ended the war of 1812. It was a major American victory as the American army was led by Andrew Jackson against the British. He defeated the British army with a biracial rag-tag army, which was unheard of as armies at the time were restricted to whites. Because his army contained people of different colors and backgrounds, Jackson earned a lot of fame following the war. The Jackson name has now become a household name, securing American victory. -
McCulloch v. Maryland
The case of McCulloch vs. Maryland was a a landmark Supreme Court case as it gave implied powers to the government as the government reigns supreme over the states. The main issue was that McCulloch was a banker who refused the pay taxes imposed on his bank by the state of Maryland. Because McCulloch declared the second bank of the United States unconstitutional, he refused to pay. This case led to the south to have a more radical view of states rights rather than in favor of the government. -
Florida - Adams-Onis Treaty
The Adams-Onis Treaty was made between Spain and President Thomas Jefferson over the debate of having American control over Florida. Jackson invades the territory of Florida on the grounds that he "defends" the land from Indians. Americans have begun to also make forts within the region, violating international law by occupying the Spanish territory. Spain later cedes the territory as they struggle with troubles in Latin America and Napoleon. The treaty also recognizes US claim to Louisiana. -
Missouri Crisis - North vs. South
The Missouri Crisis was a great debate between Northern and Southern states regarding the issue of slavery and the balance between the states. Northern states were largely free while the Southern were pro-slavery. This debate grew during the issue of the admission of a new state, Missouri. Missouri's admission into the Union would make the balance between the states uneven, with more slave than free. To solve this, the Missouri Compromise was made where states above the 36 30 line was free. -
Free-Black Communities
The first free-black community was formed in 1787, where former slaves, now free men would stick together with others in groups. Free black communities were the largest in Northern and Midwest areas. Although the former slaves were free, they still suffered from segregation and discrimination amongst the whites. Despite that, the communities were relatively successful as they obtained jobs and made their own living. Blacks also often competed for jobs with the immigrants, leading to hostility. -
Western Frontier - Fur Traders
As many settlers began to move west, the fur trade also extended within the western frontier. Fur trade has been ongoing since the trades between the French and Native Americans for fur, but as Americans began to move west they took an opportunity to get involved in the fur trade. Fur demand was high in European areas along with the decrease in temperatures and proved as a good economic source for many. American domination in the economy was in the 1820's as it reaped large profits for fur. -
Period: to
CULTURAL CHANGES
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Millennialism - Shakers
The shakers were those who were celibate, meaning that they prohibit any special relations between the two genders. The community was largely seen as communistic as everything was shared between everyone and they believed in equality among the sexes, something other communities seemed to lack. They rejected any domesticity and even private property such as farms and houses. Along with all of this, they did not believe in marriage or procreation, meaning the shaker community would eventually die. -
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was written by John Quincy Adams, who was the secretary of state at the time. It was a speech in that the US explains that they want no foreign influence within the region and new areas. It declares to Europe no intervention will be tolerated within the Latin American and Western Hemisphere. During this time, the Spanish empire is crumbling and wars have been breaking out. Because of this, the doctrine also states the US will remain within its affairs and so should Europe. -
Election of 1824 - Corrupt Bargain
The corrupt bargain of 1824 was what Andrew Jackson referred to regarding the deal between John Q. Adams and Henry Clay. This was important because it severed the friendly ties between both Adams and Jackson. The bargain was important as John Q. Adams made a deal with Henry Clay to push the house of representatives in his favor to elect him as president. Jackson saw this as an ultimate betrayal and swore to get his revenge against both Henry Clay and John Q. Adams at the future election. -
Age of the Common Man - Andrew Jackson
The age of the common man was a period in time during the Jacksonian era. It proposed a new democratic culture where instead of campaigning towards the rich people, Andrew Jackson wold campaign towards the common people to vote for him. By promoting democratic ideas to all forms of people, Jackson also promoted a sense of being an American as voting for him would be an American victory. Unlike his competitor Davy Crockett who stuck to traditional ways, Jackson opted for a new form of culture. -
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AGE OF JACKSON
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Growing Cities - Slums
As urban industry expanded, many working class communities flocked to the areas to find work. Slums were mainly from urban growth in the North, with many harsh and unsanitary conditions. The first slum was in 1825 with the Irish in New York. Concentrated wealth within urban cities left the poorer people in crime ridden areas where there were a lot of diseases. Those in slums often went long periods of times without eating properly and freezing during the winter due to lack of proper clothing. -
Second Great Awakening - Education
The Second Great Awakening led to reforms in education for many children as grades are then assigned to students, making them accountable for their studies in school rather than attending for nothing. Because there is now required attendance and textbooks with planned instructions are applied to schools, parents are angered as they have to pay higher taxes to fund the schools. This also caused labor issues as children don't work in factories anymore and Catholics to fear protestant teaching. -
Changes in Transportation - Railroads
American railroads marked the first major change within the transportation of both people and goods along long distances. They were important as they were much faster than what would be a horse drawn wagon. Because they were efficient and allowed for lots of cargo room, more goods could be moved for a cheaper cost. With a cheaper cost of transporting bulks of goods, the prices of the goods itself also fell significantly. Thus spurring forth a larger amount of consumer purchases being made. -
Election of 1828 - John Quincy Adams
The election of 1828 was the first modern election and it founded the modern democratic party. Both John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson made the election of 1828 one of the worst elections in modern history as they began relentless personal attacks upon each other. Adams was attacked as a womanizer by Jackson and as a response, he focused of Jackson's military career and personal life. Although Adams fought back, he only brought greater attention to Jackson and the newly found common man. -
Jackson Administration - Spoils System
The spoils system was the most prominent after the election of president Andrew Jackson. It is a system where unqualified individuals were awarded governmental positions not because of their knowledge, but because of their personal ties to the appointee. This led to a very corrupt government as many began to work in favor of Jackson to hopefully be given a high position. It is often given to friends, family, and supporters as a show of reward to keep supporting Jackson - meaning corruption. -
Temperance Movement
The temperance movement was a movement in the mid 1800s where the promotion of ideas such as abstaining from alcohol were the most present. Because of harsh working conditions, many men would become drunkards to cope with the poor conditions. Families and children would then fall victim to their drunk fury and in turn would focus on having people refrain from consuming alcohol. This also applied to many immigrants who came to America for several economic opportunities but fell victim to alcohol. -
Slavery - Abolitionist
Abolitionist movements fueled the ongoing issue regarding slavery and slave states. Those who wanted to free the slaves were known as abolitionists and were an abundance in the north because northern states were free states who despised the south. There were two groups of abolitionists such as those who believed in gradualism and those who wanted immediatism. Gradualism was the belief to slowly free the slave and send them back to Africa while immediatism wanted to immediately end slavery. -
Nature - Creation of Parks
Communal parks were a growing idea among communities as many desired a place to relax and get away from the fast-paced life of industry and long work hours in the factories. Along with the creation of recreational park areas, cemeteries also followed a similar design as the parks. This sparked a rural community cemetery movement where many would eventually be buried in for years to come. Cemeteries were built as a section to put off the dead to a side where they were remembered from the living. -
Slavery - Nat Turner's Rebellion
Nat Turner's Rebellion created a large tension between the North and South as it was fought over the issue of slavery. The rebellion was where about 80 slaves revolted and killed about 60 white people in Virginia. The slaves were eventually captures and executed as a show of force against the idea of rebellions. Although the rebellion was unsuccessful, Northerners viewed it as a heroic rebellion where blacks were capable of independence. The South, however, were outraged and feared change. -
Election of 1832 - Henry Clay
The election of 1832 was between Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay with the debate over the Second Bank of the United States being a heated topic. Henry Clay decided to bait Jackson by proposing the renewal of the Second Bank of the United States, knowing Jackson would veto it which would cause public outrage. However, his plan backfired as Jackson turned to the common man, explaining why he vetoed it which in turn caused him to gain popularity. Clay eventually lost the election to Jackson. -
Election of 1836 - Martin van Buren
The election of 1836 marked the victory of Martin van Buren who had the nickname of Old Kinderhook, which coined the term "OK". Buren barely won the election against the Whigs and during his presidential term, he inherits a bad economy which he is blamed for. His nickname then becomes "Martin Van Ruin" and during the panic of 1837. His presidency marked tough economic times as loans become hard to get and many businesses fail. People call for change as democrats come in for the next election. -
Texas - Sam Houston
Sam Houston was a prominent figure and general during the Mexican-American war even serving as the president of the Republic of Texas for several years. Houston led his army to defeat the enemy, Mexican general Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna at San Jacinto. The defeat of Santa Anna secured the victory of the war and even won the independence of Texas from Mexico. Texas would later then be admitted into the Union and erect both a college and city after general Sam Houston for his role in history. -
Southern Society - Yeoman Farmers
In Southern Society, there were classes of whites just below the elite planters being the Yeoman farmers. The majority of Yeoman farmers didn't own slaves, up to 75% did not.The Yeoman were also very close with each other, often having communal efforts as they helped each other with harvests and such. Some of the relied on the planters as hep while others often resented them. Southern militias were also formed by them as they were also snitches who caught runaway slaves and their rebellions. -
Election of 1840 - John Tyler
Initially General William Henry Harrison won the election of 1840, although during his inauguration speech outside in the cold winter weather, he catches pneumonia and dies a month into his presidency. John Tyler as vice president then takes the presidency seat for the Whigs. During this time, the Whigs have gotten the wives of political men to be influenced by their decisions based on the women's thoughts. Tyler's wife was then involved in a scandal, prompting the fallout of his cabinet. -
Great Migration - Oregon Trail
The Oregon Trail was one of the great migrations westward in the search of new opportunity. This occurred during the great migrations of the 1840's as white settlers began to move towards the west coast. The Oregon Trail was also known as the Overland Trail and it would take about five to six months for settlers to arrive at their destination. Planning for the long trip was often very hard as many had to purchase tons of supplies such as food and crops to eat along with weapons for protection. -
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WESTWARD EXPANSION
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Election of 1844 - James K. Polk
James K. Polk was of the democratic party and is known as "young hickory" just like Jackson. He declares a set outline of goals he wishes to fulfill within his office and only promises to run for one term, to which he eventually follows through. His three main goals were to annex Texas, settle the Oregon border with Britain, and settle the Mexican border and complete Manifest Destiny. During his presidency, he sends a diplomat discussing the payment of the Southwest territory from Mexico. -
Changes in Communication - Telegraph
Developments in communication allowed for the faster transport of news over long distances as compared to couriers on horses. The first telegraph was invented by Samuel Morse as he also invented Morse code, which is a series of dots and dashes that convey meaning. Large poles were placed along roads, connected by wire where electric currents containing the news would be transported. Stations where the telegraphs were read and transcribed also popped up mostly around in the Northern areas. -
Mexican American War - Bear Flag Revolt
The Bear Flag Revolt happened in California between the American settlers in the area and the Mexican government who was in control of the territory. Following the independence of Texas from Mexico, those in California wanted to also become independence therefore they rose in a rebellion against the Mexican government. After a short period of rebellion, California becomes independent and forms a republic type of government. This is also the reason why California's state flag is that of a bear. -
Slavery - Wilmot Proviso
The WIlmot Proviso was a proposal drafted by David Wilmot who was a democratic party member. The proposal stated that the new lands acquired from the Mexican-American war would enter the Union as a free state, rather than being a slave state. The southerners were outraged because they believed that slavery was essential to Southern life. Ultimately, the proposal did not pass Congress and was shot down as unconstitutional. This also gave way to popular sovereignty which allowed states to decide. -
Transcendentalism - Edgar Allen Poe
Edgar Allen Poe was a prominent author even throughout the long history of literature. During the time of transcendentalism which was an idealistic and philosophical movement, Edgar Allen Poe absorbed some of the ideas presented in the movement within his works of literature. Much of his literature was also thought of as a part of the American Romantic period which gave a sense of the American culture in the mid 1800s. He even wrote works of literature that went against transcendentalism. -
Election of 1848 - Zachary Taylor
Zachary Taylor was of the Whig party during the election of 1848 against his opponent, a democratic Lewis Cass. Zachary was not a party man and seemed to appealed to both sides of the party, meaning he would not have a lot of political enemies such as Abraham Lincoln. Because he does not voice his political opinions, his views mostly remains hidden within himself and his close members as he has chosen as his cabinet. He also campaigns in the south as pro-slavery while anti-slavery in the north. -
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SECTIONALISM
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Suffrage - Seneca Falls Convention
The Seneca Falls Convention was the beginning of the women's movement for equal rights as to vote just like the men. The convention was held in upstate New York and was called by Stanton and Mott, drawing a whopping total of numerous women and even 300 men who attended the two day convention. They drafted the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions which declared officials to secure rights in economics and voting although the media ran negative coverage of it because it was ran by men. -
Industrialization - North
Industrialization in the north was larger compared to the main focus of agriculture in the south, which is the main reason why the north was more advanced than the other areas. The difference in the economy between the two also further to polarize the Union. The north developed new technology such as steam engines which would power several modes of transport and railroads connecting different areas along with canals and steam boats. All this increased the economy of the north exponentially. -
Compromise of 1850 - Fugitive Slave Act
The Fugitive Slave Act was passed by congress in 1850 along with the Compromise of 1850. The act stated that slaves who have ran away from their masters in the south must be returned even though they have fled to the free lands of the north. This also created commissioners who were paid by slave masters to go to the north to capture and bring back slaves. It also stated that the fugitives had no right to trial, often because innocent freed men were captured and taken to the south as "slaves." -
California Gold Rush - Mining
After acquiring new lands from the Mexican-American war, California won its independence from Mexico and became part of the Union. It was later found that gold was in the area, prompting large mass migrations both from the eastern coast to new immigrants searching new opportunities. At first, gold was easy to find on the surface but it began to become scarce and mining was needed to find it. Mining industries supported industries as new machines and tools were being needed to continue mining. -
Election of 1852 - Extreme Polarization
During the election of 1852, tensions continued to grow as the issue of slavery remained a prominent issue fought within both the north and south. Because of the varying differences both within economy and culture between the north and the south, there was an extreme polarization. People were forced to take sides and parties began to split apart because of differing views on slavery. The election of 1852 also marked the end of the whig party as it was also split due to the issue of slavery. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 was mainly driven by southerners as they were afraid that the admission of new states within the Union would jeopardize the balance between free and slave states. The Act was introduced by Douglas and Pierce to congress, promoting the idea that the Missouri 36 30 degree line be abolished and calling for the transcontinental railroad to travel through the south rather than the north. The act passes congress and introduces the idea of popular sovereignty in states. -
Election of 1860 - Abraham Lincoln
The election of 1860 was between the Republican party with president elect Abraham Lincoln and John Breckinridge of the Constitutional Union Party. Because his opponents were divided, that gave Lincoln a little bit of leverage in winning the election. Lincoln had very few political enemies and a moderate approach to slavery, which made him appealing to those of different areas during a time of divide. Abraham Lincoln would come to win the election of 1860, enraging the south with secession. -
The Civil War - Northern Railroads
The North was at an advantage during the American Civil because of many industrial improvements. One of the most important advantage in the north was the railroads that connected various stations across the north. Because of this, the north was able to move soldiers, weapons, and supplies across long distances in a shorter amount of time. Compared to the south that had little to no railroads, many northern troops were readily supplied and able to reach battle areas in a short amount of time. -
The Civil War - Southern Military
Unlike the north which struggled to assign contempt military leaders and instead appointed those who had connections to the higher-ups, the southern military was able to be made out of generals who knew what they were doing. Due to several independence battles that were fought in the southern territories, the south had a history of military greatness. Although military strategy was not enough to propel the south to victory as they fell short in all the other areas such as supplies and transport. -
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THE CIVIL WAR
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Confederate States of America - Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter of South Carolina was the first battle that started the long and bloody civil war in America. It was there that Lincoln planned to announce the restocking of the fort with federal ships as P.G.T. Beauregard was assaulted by the southerners as a "show of force." Because the southerners did what Lincoln planned, he ordered the retreat of the general back to the north with the news that the south was openly hostile and in a state of rebellion, being the one who started the war. -
International - Trent Affair
The Trent affair involved Britain as the Confederates attempted to get them on their side as support during the American civil war. Two confederate diplomats were sent on a ship to Europe to attempt to draw a deal between the two. However, the ship was intercepted by the USS San Jacinto and the confederates were detained and arrested. Because the diplomats never made it, Britain demanded an apology from Lincoln but instead, he released the diplomats along with a letter securing neutrality. -
North - Ulysses S. Grant
Because the northern military leaders were not very good at their job an experienced, their battles against the south would have been won if the general were to pursue their enemy. This was prominent in one of the battles where general George McClellan allowed general Lee to flee back to the south. Because of this, he was fired and Lincoln appointed general Ulysses S. Grant to be in charge of the Union army. Grant led the Union army to victory, securing it at Appomattox with general Lee. -
Women at Work - Clara Barton
As men were off fighting in the battlefield during the civil war, many women came to take the jobs that were previously occupied by men and one of these was in nursing. Clara Barton founded the modern day Red Cross due to her efforts to save lives by administering medication during the civil war. Barton and a handful of other women went out into the battlefield and would help aid soldiers in need regardless of what side they were on. This selfless act gathered the attention of many others. -
Politics - Conscription Act
The Conscription Act was passed by Congress in 1863 and it was used to force eligible men to be drafted and enrolled into the army to fight against the Confederates. This was because army numbers were dwindling and due to the development of photographs, many saw and feared the future that faced them out on the battlefield. Although it got more people to be part of the army, there was also corruption because those who were wealthy would pay poor people to take their spot and fight for them. -
The War - Gettysburg
The Southern peninsula of Gettysburg marked the turning point of the civil war to the favor of the Union as the army was led by Ulysses S. Grant. It was the most important and bloodiest war that lasted for three days, between July 1 to July 3. The Union victory at Gettysburg cause general Lee to retreat back to the south, losing one thirds of his forces. It was after this battle that President Lincoln gave his Gettysburg Address promoting the idea of preserving the union and ending the war. -
Plans - Wade-Davis Bill
The Wade-Davis Bill was proposed by radical republicans who believed that the south must prove that they are willing to let go of slavery before they could be admitted back into the Union. The Bill wanted to punish the Confederate leaders, destroy existing slave societies in the south, and even strip the officers who took part in the civil war to be stripped of their citizenship. The Wade-Davis Bill would also be the first step for the reconstruction after the destruction of the civil war. -
Former Slaves - Freedman's Bureau
The Freedman's Bureau was the main institution for reconstruction as it was designed and built to help out former slaves to settle down in their new lives without the ties of slavery. It was known as a relief agency in the south as it supplied freed men with food, education, and emergency services. They also confiscated lands for agriculture and would give it to the African Americans, following the 40 acres and a mule rule that was established prior. They would also feel safer with the agency. -
Freedom Amendments - 13th Amendment
The thirteenth amendment stated that slavery would now be abolished and those who practice it would be considered as unconstitutional. The only form of servitude that shall be done is in place of any punishment for crimes that may have been committed. Following the thirteenth amendment, the fourteenth amendment was also later passed stating that all persons born in the United States would be considered as an American citizen. The fifteenth amendment stated that any male would be able to vote. -
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RECONSTRUCTION
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The New South - Sharecroppers
Most of the exploitation was done by sharecropping in the south, it was also known as a modern day feudalism system. Because the south only had a 6% industrial output, the rest of the economy was invested in agriculture. Sharecropping was a way to keep African Americans tied to plantations without directly calling it slavery and they would often refer to it as an "apprenticeship" although it was just another form of slavery. Workers had to pay rent by giving the owner 1/3-1/2 of their crops. -
Panic of 1873
The panic of 1873 was one of the worst panics in American history as white suppression tactics were used at an all time high to exploit African Americans. The economy remained bad until 1877 and people were focused on themselves and how they would survive. Because of an altered focus, the freeman's union did not work to a full extent to protect Africans and they were ruthlessly attacked by white supremacists. The Democrats also won big in 1874, causing Grant to reduce efforts in reconstruction. -
Southern Reconstruction - Carpetbaggers
Carpetbaggers were mainly southern republicans who were made up of poor whites. They were those who came down from the Northeast after the civil war with the intent to exploit the southerners during the period of reconstruction. Their main intent was for economic opportunities and they worked mainly as opportunistic of relief workers. The term carpetbaggers was then used as a derogatory term as those who seeked exploitation during a time of new beginnings was not usually seen as a good thing. -
Compromise of 1877 - Jim Crow
The Compromise of 1877 officially ended the reconstruction period that was previously enforced in the southern states as President Ulysses S. Grant feared further backlash if he were to enforce reconstructions even more. After the end of it, many white supremacist groups rose to power and many states passed laws that would restrict the rights and freedom of African Americans. This was known as the Jim Crow Laws, enforcing the segregation between both whites and blacks in communal areas.
