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1300
The Renaissance
The renaissance was the rebirth of the Europe. It was the time between the middle ages and modern times. Art and architecture were brought into the world. Creativity inspired many. For example, the printing press, invented by Gutenberg's. The printing press was a method that helped make books. This was a structure that made books cheaper and helped spread religion. The printing press was also a structure that made people smarter because there was more to read in a cheaper manner. -
Period: 1300 to
BEGINNINGS TO EXPLORATION
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1348
The Black Death
The Black Death was presented across Europe and Asia. It was a epidemic disaster that took away about 33% of the world population in the 14th century. The disease started when the "death ships" arrived to Europe, ships that had death bodies and very ill people. The disease transported quickly when fleas later started to carry the disease and spread the disease to rodents. The rodents were scattered through the cities because of the filthy way of life in the early age and which caused the spread. -
1492
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus was born 1451, in Italy. Columbus had a theory that the earth was round when everyone else believed it was flat. He also believed the fastest route to Asia was to sail west of Europe. By sailing west, the route to Asia would be quicker and safer. He was able to borrow three ships from Spain, la Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria. With these ships he sailed west and came across land which he thought was Asia but was actually what we know today as the Caribbean islands. -
1492
The Colombian Exchange
The Colombian exchange started the at the same time Columbus landed on the New World. When Columbus arrived he brought over goods, diseases and animals. The Colombian exchange was an event that took lives of many Natives because of the diseases explorers brought and natives weren't immune too. This exchange started the age of exploration. Because of all the goods that were transported and exchanged, the exchange gave people a motivation to keep transporting goods from the old to the new world. -
1517
Reformation
Catholic churches started to sell indulgences to the people who wanted to pay away their sins so they were able to go to heaven. Pope Leo supported this because it financially helped the church. People would constantly pay off their way to "heaven" until the 95 theses were posted on the front door of the church. Author of the 95 theses, Martin Luther, believed that the only way people were able to be sent to heaven is by the power of god and that the indulgences were a rip off to the people. -
1535
New Spain
New Spain was a massive piece of territory that was owned by Spain in the new world. It was a huge area that covered what's today Mexico and Central America and parts of North and South America. It was first settled in the 16th century by Hernan de Soto, Francisco Coronado and other explorers. In fact, Coronado discovered many of our famous landmarks while looking for the famous 7 cities of Cibola. There was a theory that they were filled with gold and treasures, but they were never discovered. -
English colonization
The first English colonization was Jamestown, Virginia. The British wanted to expand their colonies to increase their wealth and power so they settled over in the Americas. British believed america would be a major increase in money making. They settled in america and quickly started to expand. With the help of explorers like Walter Raleigh, helped colonize small towns when English first started to settle on America. -
Chesapeake Colonies
As the first early colonist started to settle in the New World, they discovered many cash crops. These cash crops changed the lives of many and it also lead to more colonization in the New world. John Rolfe introduced one of the most selling crops, tobacco. Tobacco overturned many colonies. Many were successful and wealthy. This crop did not only help the colonies that were settle near a bodies of water, it also helped many that were spread through out many acres of land. -
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ENGLISH COLONIAL SOCIETIES
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Slavery
Slavery involved black men, women, and children who were brought from their home country Africa. These people were treated poorly because of the color of their skin. When brought to America, whites instantly made Africans less, whites treated Africans like property. Africans turned into slaves and worked in fields for low income and harsh conditions. Slavery later became a big issue in America, it divided the North and South. The North wanted to free all slaves while the South refused the idea. -
New english colonies
One of the first early settlers were Quakers. It was founded by George Fox. They believed in Christianity, that was they're biggest interpretation. They also believed that Christ, Jesus Christ, was the biggest influence in ones living reality in personal experiences. That was they're Bible and Church tradition. God existed in every person who believed in him. Based on their Bible, Quakers refused to legal oaths and were pacifists. -
Colonial Economies
The colonies were divided based on their economy. From New England, Upper South, Lower South, Mid-Atlantic, and Wilderness Economies. The New England colonies are along the coast, they make a living through fishing, shipbuilding, and whale hunting. The Southern colonies focus more on agriculture. Crops and livestock are the major economic activities in the South. -
Navigation acts
The Navigation act was set when colonization started to be spread through out the world. Because Britain was the main power and had many colonies, this act went well for them. It forward Britain's wealth. The laws only allowed goods and trade to be shipped by English ships. Colonist were obligated to buy from British or British merchants. Goods could only be bought from Britain. Any other form or way to receive goods over seas was forbidden. -
Issues
Nathaniel Bacon started a rebellion, Bacon's rebellion. This man was a colonist in Virginia that was worried on how the Governor William Berkeley ruled the colony. Him and other colonist were against the Governor, and Bacon was elected as the leader. His rebellion was the first rebellion ever made in the American colonies. He was against racial lines and the unkind economy. The rebellion worried the ruling class because the rebellion include both, white indentured servants and black slaves. -
Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution was based on how the English king was over thrown. English king, James II, was overthrown by his protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange. The overthrown was done because the citizens were not happy with King James II. The change in leaders was not the only thing that change for the colonies, it was also proof that they were the right people to change the government. The overthrown of King James II also was good news to England and american colonies. -
Salem witch trials
A group of girls in a village in Massachusetts, claimed to be possessed by the devil. The girls accused many women of witchcraft. They got everyone's attention by acting strangely and throwing fits that worried people. By acting uncontrollable and screaming heavily, the girls "possession" behavior was not explainable and frightening. Soon, many people were being accused that the church wasn't the head of solving the problem.Anyone was blamed, and many got hanged or crushed until confusion. -
Triangular Trade
The Triangle Trade took place in the eighteen and nineteen centuries. The trading system took place on the Atlantic Ocean. It was business between England, America, and Africa. Goods and slaves were imported and exported through out the trading. America provided raw materials like tobacco, sugar, and cotton. Africa provided slaves. And lastly England would provide manufacture goods like textiles, and rum. The imports and exports benefited each continent economically. -
Caribbean Colonies
The Caribbean Islands was were one of the main cash crops used was grown. Sugar cane was grown all over the Caribbeans. Where slavery was used more than the early Americas. Because sugar was spreading and growing from island to island, settlers used most of the slaves that were brought from Africa. Sugar cane was a hard labor work that needed many hands as it started to be a continental trade, European settlers couldn't do the work them self which was why slavery was more major there than here. -
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COLONIAL AMERICA
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The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment era was known as the age of reasons. Answers were answered with Science, Math and philosophy. It was a movement that took place in Europe and America, during the 18th century. Thinkers like John Locke, and Benjamin Franklin and Sir Isaac Newton discovered many things that are used today. John Locke is known as the founder of school, showed how important education is. Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity. And Isaac Newton discovered Calculus and the three laws of gravity. -
The great awakening
The Great Awakening was a religious rebirth through out the British American colonies. The church of England became concerned that people from New England were far too worried with worldly matter. It resulted to fear and worry to the people in becoming religious followers, ordinary people were also given a voice. In addition, many American Universities were founded, and it also fractured religious order. -
Seven-years war/ French & Indian war
The Seven year way, is also known as the French & Indian war. The war was fought from the year 1756 to 1763. French wanted to expand west, towards the Ohio river valley to expand their territories on the American land. French expansion started conflict with British colonies. The war started, Britain vs the French and French alliances, Native Americans. After seven years, the war was ended with the Treaty of Paris 1763. The document was an agreement that settle the end of the war. -
Virtual Representation
The virtual representation was introduced after the French & Indian war. One of the causes was the end of the Salutary Neglect. Britain had a massive debt after the war had ended. The salutary neglect allowed American colonist to trade with other colonies without a fee to be paid or owed. The British leader reversed that and started to tax trade goods to be able to pay off the debt. This made colonist furious and started Militias, army of citizens who were against the taxing on goods. -
British problems
As the american colonies started to expand, they wanted to push west and south. Because north america was being explored by other countries and the home of the Native Americans, pushing west and south would be a problem. The Proclamation of 1763 was a document Britain signed and proposed to the american colonies to avoid further conflicts with the French and Native Americans. The Mississippi river was the boarder that the American Colonist could not cross. -
Period: to
THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA
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Acts of Parliament
The Act of Parliament took place when the american colonist were being put under rules that they didn't agree on. As the British King started to put the colonist over the new contracts, colonist began to act upon them. The Sugar Act, stamp act, declaratory act, Townshend act, and boycotts took place, the colonist did this to go against the king of Britain. These acts lead to the idea of independence from Britain. -
Boston Massacre
The Massacre was a street fight between the British and the colonist in America. The mob of was known to be run by "patriots". The mob started when the colonist started throwing snowballs, sticks, rocks, and stones to the British soldiers. The British soldiers fired their guns and killed 5 colonist. After the event took place, colonist were furious. They demanded to remove the British from the colonies. The event went to trial and the British soldiers were accused of man slaughter. -
Boston Tea Party
The Boston tea party was part of the act of parliament. Colonist disagreed on the idea of taxed imports and goods. The act was a political protest supported by the sons of liberty in Boston. They imposed the saying "no taxation with out representation". Till one day some drunk men decided it was enough and dressed up as Native Americans and dump the Boston tea to the Massachusetts bay. This act showed Britain that the colonist stand up to what they believe and would not back down. -
Militias
Militias are lead by non soldiers. These men are not trained to fight. They're were just normal town men who would stand up to fight for they're believes, country, town. They believe to be the citizens of the nation. They are armed forces who join the battle when there's time of need. -
Battles
During the revolution war there was many battles fought. America fought to gain independence, and Britain fought to maintain their land and show Americans that they are not superior. One of the many few battles fought in the war were the Battle of Lexington and Concord, Battle of Saratoga and the Battle of Yorktown. These battles were the most known. Concord was the first battle of the war. Saratoga was the turning point of the war, America dominated Britain, and Yorktown was a victory. -
Common Sense
The document Common Sense, was written by Thomas Paine. The people from the 13 colonies were informed about the independence from Great Britain with this document. Thomas Paine wrote a persuasive document to encourage the colonist to stand up for a better government. This 49 page document was published to start the American Revolution. -
The Declaration of independence
The document was written by Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, Robert E. Livingston. The Declaration of Independence was made to announce and explain to the colonist the separation from Britain. Jefferson shows the colonist who lived in America that they had the right to separate from the king of England. They persuade the colonist that they can rule their citizens with their own form of government. -
Massachusetts Constitution
The Massachusetts Constitution was a document that governed the common wealth. It was one of the 50 states governments that is used to make up the United States of America. The Massachusetts Constitution has thirty articles. It has thirty articles that the citizens voted on. The Doctrine was signed and pass by John Adams. -
Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation was a document that was made to establish functions of the national government of the United States of America after they gained they're independence from Great Britain. The Articles of Confederation later became weak and got the U.S. government overturned by the people. Because the states were growing and economy was growing, the Articles couldn't settle the citizens down. It had no central government and the congress was weak. -
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The Constitution
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American virtue
Thomas Jefferson wanted a republican self-government. He was openly focused to improve the virtue of his fellow Americans. He wanted to educate the colonist to be bright and educated. Republicanism involved their citizens. They wanted the citizens to be successful. They started by educating and teaching. -
Shay's Rebellion
Shay's rebellion was a protest against the court. The rebellion was led by Daniel Shay. He was followed by other Massachusetts citizens. They were against the idea that the court wanted to settle on them. They were against the perceived economy and wanted civil rights injustices. Shay's rebellion was one of the most important rebellions, it led to the writing of The Constitution. The rebellion also proved that the Articles of Confederation was weak and needed to be changed. -
Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance was adopted by the Confederate Congress. It was method that helped admit new states into the Union from the territories that were around that territory. This law also guaranteed the bill of rights into the territories. -
Constitutional Convention
The constitutional convention was a meeting held to discuss the problems that the Articles of Confederation had against the United States. This meeting was held in the Pennsylvanian state house which is located in Philadelphia. It was a discussion on what should be changes made and what needs to be bettered to make the The Constitution a hard piece document. -
Period: to
THE NEW REPUBLIC
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Bank of the united states
The Bank of the United States was established in 1791. Alexander Hamilton created the bank of the United States to solve Americas financial problems. Many other representatives believed the bank was unfair and unequal to the citizens of America. Andrew Jackson believed that in particularly. He believed the Bank of the United States favored the rich and imposed the poor. The whigs favored the bank and the democrats were against. Jackson was finally able to cease the bank in 1841. -
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to of the United states are known as the Bill of Rights. They are the civil rights of every citizen. They assemble the freedom, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and the freedom of worship. They give the citizens the right to bear arms. Exclude soldiers from taking over a citizens house. Protect from illegal searches. Protect the rights of in civil cases. And gives the power to the people, not the states and government. -
Whiskey Rebellion
The whiskey rebellion was a protest against tax on all whiskey in west Pennsylvania. This rebellion took place when George Washington was in office. It also took place when the new form of document, The Constitution, was newly made and apposed as the new form that would be followed by the government. The rebellion it self was stopped by the president, George Washington, he showed the citizens that the new from of document was not meant to be messed with. -
Election of 1796
Washington decided to resign from office after his second term. He refused to serve more than 8 years. The election of 1796 was the first american election because George Washington was chosen not elected. It was between federalist, John Adams and Democratic-Republican, Thomas Jefferson. There was a third runner, Charles Pickney, but he wasn't as important as the other two runners. Thomas Jefferson lost the election to Adams, but got more electoral votes than Pickney. -
International Conflict
America had problems with Spain. The Pinckney's treaty was a document that was agreed on between U.S. and Spain. The document recognize the southern boundary. The boundary was set on the 31 degree line that crossed across the United States. The boundary gave United States access to the Mississippi river, they were allowed to navigate it. This helped the U.S. with trading and set boundaries with Florida. -
Adams Presidency
Adams Presidency only lasted one term because he had many conflicts. Having to be the alien act and sedition act, also the XYZ Affair. The Alien act was signed into law by President Adams. This law deported foreigners and made it harder for immigrants to vote. The Sedition act was extended to the Espionage act that was made in 1917. XYZ affair was a conflict between the french and america, it was later put into peace with the Treaty of Mortefontaine. -
Election of 1800
The election of 1800, was between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. John Adams was looking for running for a second term and Thomas Jefferson was looking for revenge. Jefferson believed he had a good chance on winning the election this time and he had reasons that supported his opinion. John Adams was hated by the people after the alien and sedition act. This allowed Jefferson to win the election of 1800 and stopped Adams from running into a second term. -
Jefferson Administration
Thomas Jefferson served from 1801-1809. His biggest accomplish was the Louisiana Purchase. Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana territory from France, from Napoleon specifically. He bought the land for 3 cents an acre, 350 million acres. He also signed the Embargo act of 1807, which prohibited American ships from trading with foreign countries, like Britain and France. United states signed this because there was Napoleonic wars going on during that time. -
Period: to
THE AGE OF JEFFERSON
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Madison Presidency
James Madison Jr. was known as the American statesman. He was also known as the Founding Father. He was the fourth president of the United States. He served from 1809-1817. He is known as the "Father of the constitution". He is best known for ratifying the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. He was president when war of 1812 was declared. -
War of 1812
The war of 1812 was a conflict between American colonies and United Kingdom. The American colonies wanted to gain their independence and separate from the British king. After declaring the news to the King, he denied and refused to let the American colonies separate from the United Kingdom. Canada burned the White house. America wanted to start the war with Britain, but Britain was busy fighting the Napoleon war. America was weak and untrained but still wanted to go to war with Britain. -
Technology benefits of 1812
Many technology systems were created during this period. They helped the United States financially and they helped them save time. One of the technology systems created was the cotton gin. The Cotton gin brought slavery back up when it was going into extension. The cotton gin made removing seeds from cotton so much faster. The steam engine made traveling around the United States go from Months to weeks. This allowed civilians trade cheaper and faster. -
Period: to
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
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McCullough vs Maryland
The McCullough vs. Maryland was a Supreme court decision that helped establish the necessary and proper of the United States Constitution. James McCullough was the main cashier of the second bank of the United States. The State of Maryland tried to impose a tax to the banks that weren't chartered in the state. McCullough's bank fell under this tax and refused to pay. The supreme court later favored McCullough and the United States government. -
Panic of 1819
The Panic of 1819 was a big economic failure that took place in the United States. The early states were in a big crisis due to war of 1812. After the war vs United Kingdom the debt was over more than the kind of money America had after gaining their independence. The war led the nation to the one of the biggest poverty of all time. The panic caused many citizens to loose their jobs, businesses and homes. Money lost its value. Many were poor and homeless due to that fact. -
Missouri Crisis
The Missouri crisis led to the Missouri compromise. This put a border between the slave and free states. It divided the United States slaves states with the 36 degree and 30 degree line. This line divided the United States in half. Later known as the North and South. North being the free states and South being the slave states. This allowed Maine to be a free state and Missouri a slave state. -
Architecture
Greek architecture was building style that was practice on homes and buildings. It emerged in Europe but it was brought to the United States. It was used in the late eighteen century and nineteen century. Americans took Greek architecture a style. Its was a widely popular architecture everywhere in the states. The architecture style became most popular in the 1820's. -
Millennialism
Religion was now changed. People were having visions, dreams, and have said that they have been by God or angels. Joseph Smith was an author, he wrote Pearl of Great Piece. The book he wrote explains his experiences he has passed through.He talks about how he was visited by an angel named Moroni who shared with him secrets of ancient records that contained Gods dealings. -
Election of 1824
The Election of 1824 was between four candidates. John Q. Adams who was a republican. Andrew Jackson who was a Democrat. William Crawford who was a Democrat. Lastly, Henry Clay who was a republican. Andrew Jackson won the popular vote, but lost the electoral college vote to John Q. Adams. This made Andrew Jackson, angry. John Q. Adams won the election and became president, but Andrew Jackson would not give up now. -
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Age of Jackson
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Presidency of John Q. Adams
John Quincy Adams served as the sixth president of the United States of America. He defeat Jackson in the first election they faced. He did a terrible job as a President that he lost the second election he went up against Andrew Jackson. Even though he wasn't the best president, he was known as the best secretary of state. He also help complete the treaty of Ghent. -
Second Great Awakening
The second great awakening was a religious revival. The awakening was a religious movement. This took place in the 19th century. Members rose to Baptist and Methodist. The Movement was also led by preachers. Charles Grandison Finney was the main leader. His theology and practices led to a great length stretch for the second great awakening. His practices helped bless America for over a quarter-century. It helped found new schools and colleges. -
Revivalism
Charles Grandison Finney was the biggest example for the second great awakening. He led the movement with his practices and ideas. He proposed the second great awakening to the center of america. He gave the second great awakening the time it had. He helped support the opposition of slavery, opposition of alcohol, public prayer for women, and created a perfect Christian Kingdom on earth. -
Growing Cities
As cities began to grow, many problems took place. For example, the Temperance movement. Americans drank excessively and this caused many problems. People wanted to stop the consumption intoxication liquors caused. They wanted the total absence of liquor and alcohol. Intoxication caused brutality, and violence. In fact, this movement was led by women. Women were the ones who were mainly effected by what intoxication led men to be. -
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Cultural Changes
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Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism was a movement of philosophy. This movement took place in the eastern part of the United States. It was a protest against intellectualism and spiritually that was taking place at the time. Philosophers like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, led the transcendentalism movement. Ralph Emerson was the main leader of the movement. Followers of the transcendentalism believed in continuity between man, God, and nature. -
Election of 1828
The election of 1828 was the eleventh election that had four runner ups. The election was from October to December. But once again the election was based on Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams. Andrew Jackson was back for revenge and was win to win the election. He was sure he'd win. After the election votes were over, Andrew Jackson had won the electoral votes and the popular vote. He won the party for the Democrats. -
Change in transportation
In the eighteen hundreds transportation began to take off. The steamboat was a vessel propelled by steam engines that were functioned by propellers or paddle wheels. It became popular during the Industrial Revolution because it carried cargo and people. The train transportation increased mobility and speed. This transported raw materials and goods over land and in high speed. These two transportation's made America industry work fast and helped it grow. -
Jackson Administration
Andrew Jackson was a very known man. He served as the seventh president of the United States of America. He was known as "old hickory". He was fearless and strong. He defeated the British in the battle of New Orleans. He founded the Democratic Party. He was also known as the common man who was against the corrupt aristocracy. -
Abolitionist movement
Abolitionism was started to end slavery. Abolitionist favor the slaves, they dislike the idea of segregation. The most Republicans supported the abolitionist movement. They had the idea of ending slavery in the south and end slave trade between other countries. They also supported the idea that blacks should be free man. They should have the right to be free. Most didn't support that they should be considered as citizens, but they wanted them free. -
Slavery
Slavery in the mid eighteen hundreds had a lot of conflict. Slaves and free slaves were standing up to what they believed. They were tired of being owned by whites. They had enough of being sold, separated from families and being treaty like property. They wanted equality, they wanted to be free and they believed that by standing up against the leaders, and owners. Turners rebellion took place. Nat Turner was a former slave and preacher who killed white people, children, Women and Men. -
Election of 1832
The Election of 1832 was the twelve presidential election. This election was a quadrennial election as well. The last two runner ups were, Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay. Andrew Jackson was a Democrat and Henry Clay was a National Republican. Andrew Jackson won, the popular vote and electoral vote. Clay didn't have a chance against Jackson. On the 1832 election, Andrew Jackson went up for his second term. -
Texas
Texas was a massive land that the Mexican government had control of and owned. The Mexican government gave away land to settlers so they can take care of the land they owned. Mexico had conditions to this, the settlers had to be Catholic, learn Spanish, and own not a single slave. The settlers agreed to this but failed to obey orders that the Mexican government gave out to them. This started a lot of conflict and led up to the reasons why Texas wanted their independence from Mexico. -
Election of 1836
The election of 1836 was the thirteen presidential election. This election was between the Democrat, Martin Van Buren and the Whig party candidate, William Henry Harrison. Martin Van Buren defeated William Henry Harrison. Once again the Democrats defeated the Whig and Republican party. -
Changes in Agriculture
The iron plow was invented by John Deere. John Deere invented the first iron plow made of steel. This object was invented when the middle-west was first being settle. The soil in the middle-west was different and kept breaking the wooden plows. Farmers were helped when farming because the iron plow would go through the soil without breaking and with out getting stuck in the middle of harvesting. The iron plow industry took over the middle-west. It expanded agriculture and made cropping easier. -
Labor Changes
Mass production took over the industry as the industrial revolution was taking place. Many objects helped this production rapidly grow and increase the economy. For example, Lower mills were labor productions that employed many women and children. These women and children would work of operating textiles, which would produce clothing. These women and children were housed at the factories. They were also provided with cultural opportunities and were giving the chance to get educated. -
Southern Society
The South was divided between three classes. Planters, Yeoman farmers, and Tenant farmers. Planters were the richest class, the upper class. Yeoman farmers were known as the middle class. Tenant farmers were the poor group, lower class. Planters were the one who's agriculture would sell to the North, they owned many slaves and crops were their financial help. Yeoman farmers owned less land and had fewer slaves. Tenant farmers work for themselves, cropped for themselves and family. -
Election of 1840
The election of 1840 was the fourth-teen presidential election held in the United States. Dew to the Panic of 1837, the Democrat Martin Van Buren was later defeated by the whig candidate William Henry Harrison. William Henry Harrison outran the Democrat Martin Van Buren. The electoral votes were a huge difference. -
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Westward Expansion
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Change in communication
The first telegraph was invented by Samuel Morse. In 1844, Samuel Morse made the system that was gonna change the world. It was gonna make communicating easier. The telegraph was first giving a try when Morse send his first message, and most famous message from Washington to Baltimore. "What hath God wrought?" was the first message that proved the telegraph worked. This invention also became a huge help for the Northerners when the Civil war was taking place. -
Election of 1844
The Election of 1844 was the 15th presidential election. It was between Democrat James Polk and Whig party supporter, Henry Clay. James Polk was looking forward for running one term only. He proposed to complete the manifest destiny, so if he failed he only deserved one term, but if he completed it, one term was all he need to prove his word. James Polk had won the election and was name 15th president of the United States. -
Manifest Destiny
The Manifest Destiny was a goal made to expand west. From the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, United States wanted to expand their nation across the land they had settled in. This event was held in the 19th century, it was a doctrine that the settlers believed they should accomplish. This was later completed in 1845, James K. Polk was the first president to gained the most territory to join the United States of America. -
Annexation of Texas
After Texas won their independence from Mexico, they wanted to join the nation of the United States. They asked the United States if they could join, but they got rejected. United States, rejected them because they didn't want another slave state to join the nation. But eventually that wouldn't matter, the Missouri Compromise made Texas a slave state. After the issues, Texas became the 28th state to join the union. -
Mexican-American War
The Mexican american war was between Texas and Mexico. Texas used to be part of mexico, Mexico had total control over it but had a couple of settlers stay in texas so that the Natives wouldnt take over the land. Texas later decided they wanted their own independence, so they fought for it. This war led up to the Battle of Cerro Gordo, and the battle of Palo Alto which ended the war after 2 years. -
Bear Flag revolt
A small group of California settlers rebelled for their state and their independence. The California settlers rebelled against the Mexican government. They wanted to claim California as a independent state. The rebellion started in San Francisco and it also went around the Sonoma county in California. They carried a flag that had a bear in the middle, the bear represents the name they went called themselves and also represent the many bears in the state. -
California gold rush
After California was added to the union, gold was discovered. James W. Marshall found the first nugget of gold in Sutter's Mill, which is located in Coloma, California. The discovery of gold spread quickly to the East. This began a mass migration to the West. Settlers traveled alone or in groups to try and get a chance in finding gold for themselves. The profit was from 12 dollars to 35 dollars an ounce. The gold rush brought California an approximate of 300,000 people. -
Slavery
Slavery at this point in time was going to into extinction. Many promises were made, things were said, but were never completed. One of the failed promises was the Wilmot Proviso. This document promised to band slavery in during the Mexican-American war. This was fail and lead up to the American Civil War. In the election of 1848, Zachary Taylor won the election and helped the slaves -
Suffrage
The women of the United States had no equal rights. They didn't have the right to stand up for their believes and were given the same rights as men. The Seneca falls convention is a meeting that was brought together by women. This was the first civil right convention that was held together by women go wanted to gain their civil rights, and discuss over social, and religious rights that a women should have. -
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Sectionalism
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Underground railroad
The underground rails road were secret path and routes that would lead to the Northern States of the United States. These rails road would often lead to safe houses. The safe houses were open for black run away slaves, the houses were places where the run away slaves were able to hide and have a chance on not being captured. The former run away slaves would risk their lives to escape to the northern free states or Canada. -
Compromise of 1850
The compromise of 1850 was introduced by senator Henry Clay. This was a compromise to avoid crisis between the North and South. It lead to a four year confrontation between the slave and free states. It also required the new territories that had joined the union after the mexican-american war. Because of the Compromise of 1850 the Fugitive slave act was amended to the states. Also, the ability to slave trade in the capital, the district of Colombia was abolished. -
Election of 1852
The election of 1852 was between Democrat Franklin Pierce, and a Whig nominee General Winfield Scott who was a former senator from New Hampshire. This was the seventeenth presidential election. The election was won by Democrat Franklin Pierce. Pierce won all the slave states even some of the of the free states, which included California and many northern states. -
Kansas Nebraska act
The Kansas Nebraska act was admitted in May,30, 1854. This act was passed by the United States congress. The act allowed people in Nebraska and Kansas to dediced whether they wanted to be a slave state or a free state. They either owned slaves or not allow slavery pass theirs borders. The Kansas Nebraska act was a repeal to the Missouri Compromise that was admitted in 1820. The Missouri compromise prohibit slavery north from the latitude of 36, 30 degrees. -
Election of 1860
The election of 1860 was between Republican Abraham Lincoln, Democrat John C Breckenridge, Democrat Stephen A. Douglas. and a constitution union candidate, John Bell. Abraham Lincoln won the election and defeated the democrats. Because Abraham Lincoln was known to want to end slavery, it made southerners furious and mad the election of 1860 was a major reason on why the civil war started. -
The South during the civil war
The South had less population. They only had 9 million people and about half of them were slaves. They also had less factories, about 18,000 of them and made about $115 million. They only manufactured 3% weapons and did little to no clothes. Despite the fact that the south was less industrialized and was poor compare to the North, they had a strong military leadership. They compared themselves to patriots. The south also hoped to gain Britain as an ally. -
Confederate states of america
The slave states have left the union and refused to go back. Because the President Abraham Lincoln had enacted laws that Southerners refused to follow, especially greeting rid of slaves. The Southern slaves, the slave states, left the union and decided to start their own nation, the confederates of america. The southern states separation made Abraham angry. Because the southern states left and didn't want to return, it started the civil war. -
The war
The Civil war was the bloodiest American war. The war was Americans vs Americans, or brothers vs. brothers as they say. The war was over the issue of the american problem that has been going on for many years, slavery. The battle of bull run was the first major battle, won by the confederate army. Battle of Antietam was another confederate victory, the union was loosing the war. The turn over of the war was the battle of Gettysburg. The war later retrieved by General Lee, union won the war. -
Leaders; South
Robert E. Lee is the leader of the South confederate army. Robert E. Lee is in charge of the Army of Northern Virginia. Lee was an overall good leader. His army defeats George McClellan in the second Battle of Bull run. Even though General Lee was a good leader, he had to retreat. Robert E Lee had to retreat his army from the war because they were wore out. He was out of supplies, and very few soldiers compare to the North. -
The North during the civil war
The north had almost everything to be able to win the war. They had a mass population. About 22 million people. They were advanced in industrialization, had about 110,000 factories and made about $1.5 billion. The north also owned 97% of the weapons of the manufactured economy. They produced 94% of the clothing and 90% of the shoes and boots. The north also had the advantage of owning 30,000 miles of railroads track. The North was financially good but had a weak military leadership. -
Leaders; North
The President Abraham Lincoln was picky with the generals that would lead his Union army. George McClellan became leader of the Army of the Potomac. He had a well trained army, he was a good general overall but hated Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was fine with that, he just wanted to win the war. McClellan resigns, later Ulysses S. Grant becomes leader of the union army. He gained control of Tennessee & Kentucky for the Union. -
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The Civil War
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Emancipation proclamation
While the civil war was going on, President Abraham Lincoln declared the Emancipation proclamation. This document was a test put against the confederate states. If the confederate states wouldn't retrieve from the war, the Emancipation proclamation would be declared and all slaves in the United States would be free. Not all slaves were free, only the southern states slaves would be free. Border states (neutral states) would be allowed to keep their slaves. -
Election of 1864
The election of 1862 was between republican Abraham Lincoln and democrat George B. McClellan. This was the 20th presidential election. Abraham Lincoln was running for a second term, McClellan was a general who was hired by Lincoln to fight the war for the union. McClellan decided to run against Lincoln because he hated him. The union past battles before the election day helped Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln won the election, making it his second term. -
Assassination
The war was over, the union won. Abraham Lincoln defeats the south. Five says after the Appomattox Courthouse, five days after the war was officially over. Celebrating the union victory, Abraham Lincoln attended a play in Fords theater. He was sitting on the presidential box watching the play, when John Wilkes Booth walks up behind him and shoots him in the head. Booth runs away while the president is taken to the nearest doctor for care. Abraham Lincoln dies the next. -
White Resistance
Because the slaves were free, and because African Americans were giving rights. The southern whites were furious, they hated the idea of having free blacks in their country. They started organizations like the Klu Klux Klan (aka KKK) . The KKK would violate the laws. They will use violence, and torture African Americans. The violence will lead up to murder, and whites will get away with it because the court judges would be on the white murderer sides, and release the charges. -
Former Slaves
Former slaves were promised things like 40 acres and a mule and freedmen's Beureau. 40 acres and a mule promised every free slave was gonna be given land to crop and live in it. The freedmen's Beureau gave abandon land to free slaves and poor whites . They were given education rights and jobs. But not everything went easy for them. Things like black codes were, black codes were made to resist African American freedoms. -
Freedom Amendments
The freedom amendments gave African american the right to vote, be qualified as citizens, and the right to be free. These rights were giving by the 13th amendment, 14th amendment, and the 15th amendment. The 13th amendment gave them their freedom, slavery was forbidden in the united states. The 14th amendment gave them their citizenship, they were recognized as Americans now. The 15th amendment gave them the right to vote. Black politics were now allowed. -
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Reconstruction
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Cause of election of 1866
The election of 1866 was a referendum election while president Andrew Johnson was in office. The president, Andrew Johnson lost total support from the republican party because his reconstruction policies were horrible. The election occurred a year later the civil war was over. The election allowed all males to vote, no matter the color or race. All male citizens were allowed to vote. -
Grant Administration
Ulysses S. Grant became the first president after the Civil War had ended. He was also a union general. As a general, he had defeated General Lee(confederate leader) at Appomattox Court House. Grant had a lot of political corruption. His private secretary was caught selling to the Indians junk and he had gained thousands from selling to them. The president grant gave slaves and former slaves citizenship and the right to vote. -
Panic of 1873
The panic of 1873 set back the United States economy until 1877. The people of united states focused on their own economic affairs. The African Americans were not involved in the panic. The democrat party won against the Republicans in 1874, after panic occurred. General grant was president at the time, he reduced efforts on the south. He was afraid it would lead to further political losses against the southern states. -
Election of 1876
The election of 1876 was a disputed presidential election. It is actually considered to be one of the most dispute in american history. The election was between Samuel J. Tilden and Rutherford B. Hayes. Tilden out-polled Hayes in the popular vote. Tilden only beat Hayes by 20 votes in the electoral decisions. The election was known to be contentious and controversial because it was towards the end of the reconstruction period. -
Women at work
While the men were away fighting the war, women took over in the industries. Women were now allowed to work, they worked in factories, plantation, could now be teachers, and were also allowed to be nurses and help the injured and affected men during the civil war. In fact, the organization "The Red Cross" was founded during the civil war times by Clara Barton, a nurse who helped and saved many wounded man who were affected during the civil war.
