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Period: 1300 BCE to
beginnings to exploration
the period of European exploration in Africa and the americas.driven by a desire for gold, glory, god and other sources of wealth that impulsed European to sail across the Atlantic ocean sparking a global exchange that changed the world forever. -
1200 BCE
Mesoamerica
the place where the agricultural revolution took place independently and was home to the most advanced civilizations of North America before Columbus. these three civilizations were the Olmecs, characterized by its large stone head, architecture, and valuable resource cacao. the Aztec, known for the use of human sacrifice and their caste system, and the mayas that developed a calendar and also practice human sacrifice this region will later be conquered by the spanish -
476
the dark ages
a period of religious struggle due to Christianity and Catholicism opposing views in regards to the domination of Catholicism, during which Europe suffered from the falling of the Roman empire economically and socially resulting in feudalism a political system that consisted of noble ( military figures) offer of protection and land in return for loyalty and service that highlighted the improvement and rebirth of the Renaissance. -
861
Army of Potomac
the army of Potomac was the primary union fighting force in the eastern theater of the civil war led by General George McClellan. it was known as Mr. Lincoln army for its close association with him. its mission was to defeat the Confederate army, the army survived multiple succession of flawed commanders and battlefield reverses
to obtain victory. it was the most powerful army of the north. -
1350
the renaissance
the rebirth period in Europe following the middle ages characterized by a surge of interest in classical scholarship and value, the decline of a feudal system and the growth of commerce, innovation such as printing, compass and the gunpowder that sparked exploration -
1493
the Columbian exchange
the Columbian exchange named after Christopher Columbus was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, technology, ideas and disease that wiped 90 percent of the native population producing the biggest impact on the new world leading to a complete adaptation of culture that opened up the way for Spanish conquests. -
1519
conquest of the new world
the expansion of the Spanish empire to the western-hemisphere, started first with the conquest of the Aztecs located in present-day Mexico led by Herman Cortes due to their finding of precious, next came the conquest of the Inca empire present-day Peru by the arrival of Francisco Pizarro at a time of recuperation of the Incas after a years-long civil war. these victories were obtained through its advancements of weaponry and lastly the diseases brought from the old world -
1532
new spain
the beginning of Spanish colonization with the de-population of portions of the western-hemisphere caused by diseases that were brought from the old world by the conquistadores that took the land and enslaved the indigenous people that worked in the mines extracting gold and silver that led Francisco Coronado to search for the seven cities of gold, southwestern of the united states also brought catholicism many converted to be accepted in society. -
English colonization
england a later-comer due to dynastic issues between Protestant and Catholic and the Spanish dominance overseas which ended after the defeat of the Spanish Armada that opened up the expedition of Humphrey and realigns gilbert and landed on the roanake island where they formed the first colony a failure and example for the next expeditions to come. -
Virginia
the colony was a private venture, financed and organized by Virginia company of London. king James l granted a charter to a group of investors for the establishment of the company on 1606. during this era, Virginia was the entire east coast of North America of Florida. the charter gave the company the right to settle from present-day North Carolina to new york state. -
Period: to
english colonial society
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Caribbean
sugar colony. sugar cane was brought to British west indies from Brazil it was the main crop produced on numerous plantations due to the increasing popularity of sugar to sweeten luxury drinks such as tea an coffee. the consumption of sugar increased almost five times a century later. -
southern colonies
economic activities and trade were dependant of the environment.concentrated on agriculture and developed the plantations exporting tobacco. -
Nathaniel bacon
he led an uprising of Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants a response to the governor William's refusal to proceed backcountry settlers from Indian attacks, the rebellion grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite. -
English bill of rights
was a British law passed by the parliament of Great Britain that declared the rights and liberties of the people and settling the succession in William lll and mary ll following the glorious revolution. -
Salem witch trials
strained tensions with native Americans, religious fanaticism, social tensions and strict limitations on the role of women to the death of 20 people. -
limiting of foreign trade
only British ships could transport imported and export imported and exported goods from the colonies. the only people who were allowed to trade with the colonies had to be British citizens. commodities such as sugar, tobacco which were produced in the colonies could export only to British ports. -
Act of union
the Scottish parliament was dissolved and England and Scotland became one country. -
Period: to
Colonial America
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Triangular trade
the triangular trade system was a trans-atlantic trade route that went to the americas, europe, and africa importing and exporting raw material and slaves.this trade system was important for the colonies economy wise. -
The great awakening
was a religious revival and movement in the atlantic region, mainly the american colonies, which led to an effect on american religion. it led to both social and political changes. -
The Atlantic slave trade
lasted from the 16th century until the 19th century. a trade of African peoples from western Africa to America. one part of a three-part economic system known as the middle passage of the triangular trade. -
lower south economy
the amount of slaves increased. its economy depended in its main crop rice whcih transformed the swampy lands of the south into a great source of its economy. -
Seven years war
the french and indian war resulted fromo ongoing frontier tensions in the north america as both french and imperial officials and colonists sought to extend each country's sphere of influence in frontier regions. -
The treaty of paris
this gave Britain control of all Canada land from the App. mountains to Mississippi River except for New Orleans, and since Spain allied itself with France in 1762, Florida, once Spain territory also became part of Britain. -
Period: to
The revolutionary war
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sugar act
parliament imposed new regulations and taxes on the colonist to pay for the debt they had after the French and Indian war and established new duties and which also contained aimed at molasses smugglers .this anger colonists. -
non-importation movement
american colonists protest british laws and taxes prior to the american revolution organized by sons of liberty to boycott english goods in response to new taxes.american colonists were discouraged from purchasing british imports. -
Boston massacre
it was the first conflict between british soldiers and colonists where colonists were killed by soldiers.it created tension between them and made colonist work harder and become more determined to win freedom. -
Common sense
thomas paines argues for american independence. his argument begins with general reflection about governmnet, religion and highlights the condition of the colonies and why the need independence. -
Lexington battle
no one knows who fired the first shot at lexington. known as the " shot heard around the world". the british marched to concord and lost more peole than the militia. first battle in the american revolution. -
July second
the continental congress declared its freedom officially from Great Britain when it approved a resolution and delegates from new york were given permission to make it a unanimous vote. -
The Constitution of Massachusetts
the constitution of the commonwealth drafted by John Adam. is the worlds oldest functioning written constitution. it served for a model of the United state constitution. -
Republicanism
a form of government in which power resides in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives also supported revolutions of people rebellion against a higher power. -
ACO; Central authority
could not force states to obey government laws and taxation was ignored because they could not be enforced. there was no authority the government was weak this created a need for revision or the new constitution. -
Period: to
The constitution
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Treaty of Paris 1783
was a treaty negotiated between the united states and great Britain that officially ended the revolutionary war and recognized the independence of the thirteen states. -
Northwest ordinance 1787
it was a land agreement that created the northwest territory, letting the united states to expand into the great lakes areas and it told the territories how to become a state; having a secretary, governor and three judges, 5,000 male adults, and reach a population of 60,000. -
Shays rebellion
an uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay taxes. this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working. -
Connecticut plan
agreement that large and small states reached during the constitutional convention that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the united states.it provided equal representation in the senate and house of representatives. -
slavery; representation
slave states would want all of their slaves counted because they wanted a large representation in the house of representatives and northern states did want slaves to be representative because the majority were in the south a conflict that led to the 3/5 compromise. -
The great debate
the federalist wanted to ratify the constitution, the anti-federalists did not. one of the major issues these two parties debate concerned the inclusion of the bill of rights. the federalist felt that this addition wasn't necessary because they believed that the constitution as it stood only limited the government, not the people. a conflict that would lead to the bill of rights. -
Election of 1788
george Washington got 69 out of 69 votes, became president due to his leadership during the American Revolution earned the respect of the people, John Adams became vice president. -
Period: to
The New republic
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Bill of rights
the bill of rights limited action taken by the federal government against people.conformed of ten amendments that protected the natural rights of men such as freedom of speech, the right to bear arms, quartering of troops, protection from searches, protections of life, liberty etc. -
The bank of the united states
created by hamilton,taking the model of the bank of england. he proposed a powerful private institution, of which the government would be the major stockholder and in which the federal treasury would deposit its surplus money -
whiskey rebellion
a rebellion due to the 25 percent tax on liquor it was put down by the army that Washington led. this incident was the first test of the new government that proved the power and firmness of the constitution. -
Thomas Jefferson
one of the founding father wrote the declaration of independence, believed people should have political power, favored strong states governments, emphasized agriculture, the strict interpretation of the constitution, pro french and opposed national bank. -
XYZ affair
the incident of the late 1790s in which three French secret agents demanded a bribe and a loan to France in lieu disputed over the jay treaty and other issues. caused by British and french threating American shipping, Americans won't negotiate. -
Period: to
The age of Jefferson
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Midnight judges
the sixteen judges that were added by the judiciary act that were called this because Adams signed their appointment late on the last day of his administration. it was a way to preserve federalist influence in the federal government during the jeffersonian tenure. -
Louisiana purchase
under Jefferson administration, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon for $15 million for the purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. the u.s gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size. -
the embargo act
the law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the united states caused by Britain and France continues harassment of u.s. ships and seizing of men that impacted the negatively American economy. this anger Americans. -
Impressment
british practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service.was one of the major causes of the war of 1812 because it emphasized the fact that british did not respect american sovereignty. -
war of 1812
resulted from Britain's support of Indian hostilities along the frontier, interference with American trade, and impressments of American sailors into the British army. the united states won and the treaty of Ghent ended it. -
Walthan system
a system of centralized factories created the first women's workforce, as well as allowing women for one of the first times to have a sense of independence that also contributed to the beginnings of the industrialized America. -
Battle of new Orleans
a battle during the war of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans after two weeks the war was over due to miscommunication , Andrew Jackson defeated them which gave him an enormous popularity boost. -
Hartford convention
meeting of federalist near the end of the war of 1812 in which the party listed its complaints against the ruling Republican party. these actions were largely viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the federalist much influence. discussed political position and representation of slavery. -
Period: to
The early american industrial revolution.
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second bank of the united states
the bank was chartered in 1816 under president madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for loaning money to state banks. it became unpopular after being blamed for the panic of 1819, and supicion of mismanagement haunted it until its charter expired in 1836 -
Free black communities
African-americans that bought their own freedom,lived in all part of the united states but majority lived in the north and midwe.faced systematic legal, politica social and economic discrimination in most north and were subjects to slave codes in many southern states. -
Adams onis treaty
the united states and Spain defined the western limits of the Louisiana purchase and Spain surrendered its claim to the Pacific Northwest in return the United States recognized Spanish sovereignty over Texas. -
panic of 1819
was the major financial crisis in the united states. it featured widespread foreclosures, bank failure, unemployment, and a slump in agriculture and manufacturing .it marked the end of the economic expansion that had followed the war of 1812. -
planter
planters were the wealthiest of the southern society, lived in mansions most own one to nine slaves they were the ruling class of the south.the domestic work done by slaves. very influential figures politically -
temperance movement
the fight to ban alcohol in u.s and encouraged Americans to reduce their consumption of alcohol, this movement was caused by the massive consumption of it daily. women were the main supporters of it also some states banned alcohol. -
Missouri compromise
a compromise over the issue of the balance of slave states.it was decided that main entered as a free state north of the 26th parallel were free states and all south were slave states. this was only a temporary solution it guaranteed future conflict. -
second great awakening
a second religious fervor that swept the nation. it converted more than the first. it emphasized religious romanticism, rejected secularism, and deism. it also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, and moral reasoning against slavery. -
Greek revival
inspired by the contemporary Greek independence movement.it became the dominant style in the united states referred to as the "national style " due to its popularity this style imitated ancient greek structural forms in search of a democratic architecture. -
Period: to
cultural changes
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Rail roads
railways had a major impact on farming, as perishable goods such as dairy products could now be moved long distance before they were inedible at a lower price this allowed mass production and cheaper consumption of goods. the standard of living rose as a result. -
Andrew jackson
andrew Jackson was a war hero from the New Orleans victory and the seventh president of the united states. he supported strongly ordinary men, states rights and extension of slavery into western territories -
Election of 1824
in this election, there are four candidates running for president. jackson wins the popular vote by the people but not the electoral college. john Adams is chosen. jackson is bitter because henry clay sided with John Adams. Q to win the election he called it the corrupt bargain. -
Period: to
Age of Jackson
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immigration of Irish
The Irish immigration to America was to escape political and religious persecution. poverty caused by the natural disaster of the Irish potato famine forced people to emigrate from Ireland to seek a new life in the united states. most were located in the north and were mistreated at the bottom of society. -
spoils system
the spoils system was advocated by Andrew Jackson was based on rotation in office and rewarding loyal supporters giving government jobs to political backers due to his experience of extensive personal and political disloyalty during his early presidency. -
Telegraph
it was invented by Samuel Morse who invented also the morse code, this invention was groundbreaking because of it greatly increased the speed at which messages could be sent.later on this would be very valuable in times of war . -
abolitionism
the movement in opposition to slavery, often demanding immediate emancipation of all slaves and end of racial discrimination and segregation,some argued gradual emancipation and activist who south to restrict slavery to existing areas and prevent its spread. radical abolitionism was mostly in the north fueled by religious fervor. -
Mormons
church of Jesus Christ Latter-day Saints, founded by Joseph Smith; began in upstates new york. these people moved to salt lake city, Utah to escape from persecution and live apart from society. it was conposed mostly of farmers and trades that did badly in the industrial revolution. -
panic of 1837
was a crisis in financial and economic conditions in the nation following changes in the banking system initiated by president Andrew Jackson inherited to van Buren presidency? some banks began to close, business began to fail and thousands of people lost their land. this was so far the worst economic depression american had experienced. -
whig party
the Whig party opposed Jackson's strong-armed leadership style and policies.favored strong central government, defended minority rights, against slavery, anti-masonic. this party creation was after the bak war to fight against Jackson's policies. -
Election of 1840
van Buren runs for re-election against general William Henry Harrison of 70 years old as a whig. whigs spread rumors about van Buren they get women to influence their husbands to not vote for Van Buren. harrison wins but only makes it a month, john tyler becomes president. this was a modern campaign. -
Period: to
Westward expansion
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Frederick Douglas
was an escaped slave who became an abolitionist activist, author, and public speaker. he became the leader in the abolitionist movement that sought to end slavery before and during the civil war. after the conflict and the emancipation proclamation, he continued to push for equality and huma rights. -
Manifest destiny
manifest destiny was the idea that Americans were destined, by God, to govern the North American continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. this idea was going to increase the united states size, wealth and conflict over the expansion of slavery. -
Sam Houston
united states politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from mexico he defeated mexican general Antonio Lopez de santa Anna at san jacinto to secure texan independence. he was voted president fr texas then served as a senator after texas became a states. -
Mexican-American war
a conflict between the united states and Mexico after the annexation of Texas caused by manifest destiny expanding of the nation under president James K. Polk. a border skirmish along the Rio Grande started off the fighting and was followed by a series of U.S victories. mexico lost one-third of it's territory the U.S gained. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
ended Mexican-American war. the treaty added an additional 525,000 square miles to united states territory, including the land that makes up all parts of present-day Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. mexico also gave up all claims to Texas and recognized the Rio Grande as America's southern boundary. -
Wilmot proviso
it was the proposal to prohibit slavery in any land acquired in the mexican war, but the measure was blocked in the southern- dominated senate, it flamed the growing cotroversy over slavery, and its underlying principle. -
Election of 1848
whigs decided to run Zachary Taylor who was a previous war hero that played two sides anti and pro-slavery. democrats put up Lewis class and the free soil party ran van, Buren. zachary Taylor won but he died into his term and his running mate replaced him. -
California gold rush
gold was found in the new territory acquired from the Mexican- American war, news spread, a thousand migrated that allowed it to apply for statehood.mining begins, Chinese migration. california became a free state. -
free soilers
northern anti-slavery politicians who rejected radical abolitionism but sought to prohibit the expansion of slavery in the western territories they created tensions over the issue of slavery expansion. drove both north and south apart. -
Seneca falls convention
this convention was the first women's rights convention in the united states. held in new york, the meeting launched the women's suffrage movement also fought for the social civil and religious right of women, which more than seven decades later ensured women the right to vote.it was composed of 300 men and women -
Period: to
Sectionalism
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Compromise of 1850
it was composed of five bills. california is admitted as a free state, opened new Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade in Washington D.C.,settling a texas-new Mexico boundary dispute and introduced the fugitive slave act. -
nativism
favoritism toward native-born Americans caused immigrants issues with jobs and adapting to the new culture. blamed immigrants for problems. nativist was against immigration of German and Irish Catholics. -
End of the whig party
the election of 1852 marked the end of the Whig party. the deaths of Henry clay and daniel webster that year severely weakened the party but it was ultimately destroyed over the issue of slavery. they joined the Democrats one of the two major parties in the nation. -
Kansas Nebraska act
this act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. each would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. people who were pro-slavery and anti-slavery moved to Kansas to either become a slave or free states. the act passed , Kansas became slave and Nebraska free. -
election of 1860
democrats were divided between John Breckinridge and john bell against the Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln who had few political enemies. lincoln wins because of the democrat's division. this win will upset the south that led to secession of southern states. -
north industrialization
growth in manufacturing, increased of mechanical production has a population of twenty-two million that contributed to the labor of 110,000 factories.ninety-seven percent of weapons manufacturing, ninety-four percent of clothing, ninety percent of shoes and boots and the most vital railroads, 30,000 miles of track. the north had advantage over the south. -
Robert e Lee.
the general of the Confederate troops, was prosperous in many battles, was defeated at Antietam in 1862 he retreated across the Potomac, defeated at Gettysburg by general mead's union troops.surrender to general grant at appomattox court house. -
Period: to
the civil war
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william sherman
general, union army. operated in the western theater of the war eventually rising to command all forces west of the Appalachians, capture vicksburg, mississippi, shattering the confederate defenses and opening the mississippi river. he became famous for his march to the sea campaign that waged total war. -
Emancipation proclamation
on January 1, 1863. after the Union victory at Antietam, he issued the emancipation proclamation, declaring that all slaves in the rebellious states " shall be thenceforward, and forever free" except border states they were allowed to keep their slave this was a turning point in history as well in the war. -
Clara Barton
she began her illustrious career as an educator but found her true calling tending wounded soldiers on and off the bloody civil war battlefields. when the war ended, Barton worked to identify missing and deceased soldiers and eventually founded the American red cross. clara barton was one of the most recognized heroes of the American civil war. -
Lincoln assassination
April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth, a famous actor, and Confederate sympathizer assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's theatre in Washington, d.c. it came only five days after the Confederate general Robert e.lee surrendered his massive army at Appomattox courthouse. -
freedmen's bureau
it was known as the bureau of refugees, established in 1865 by congress to help millions of formers black slaves anad poor whites in the south in the after math of the civil war. this institution provided food, housing, and medical aid, established schools and offered legal assistance. -
Ku Klux Klan
a secret society created by whites southerners that used terror and violence to keep African Americans and other minorities from obtaining their civil rights. -
black codes
Black codes were strict laws detailing when, where and how freed slaves could work, and for how much compensation. The codes appeared throughout the South as a legal way to put black citizens into indentured servitude, to keep them from using their voting rights, to control where they lived and how they traveled and to seize children for labor purposes. -
Period: to
reconstruction
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freedom amendments
the freedom amendments knowns as the 3 amendments, were mainly for the equality of former slaves. The 13th was that blacks were free, the 14th stated o how they were citizens, and the 15th stated that former slaves could vote. -
the lost cause
it was a way for southerners to justify losing the war. portray themselves as virtious and brave, blamed the loss in the unfair disadvantage they had against the north. they engaged in propaganda like songs, poems, statues that lasts until today an effort to try to re-write history. -
Election of 1868
was the first election that took place in the reconstruction era. republican candidate was Ulysses s. grant that advocated political moderation & peace. democrats dominated Hortario Seymour. ulysses grant wins easily. this election demonstrates how racist both the south and north were and the importance of blacks voting. -
panic of 1873
a financial crisis that triggered a depression that lasted for six years and led to economic hardships, civil unrest, protests, demostration and the first nationwide strikes.it was caused by too many railroads and factories being formed than existing markets could bear and the over-loaning by banks to those projects.
