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1200 BCE
Olmecs
The Olmec were the first advanced civilization in the Americas. Many of their practices influenced later-on cultures. One of their very known religious practices was Blood Letting. They also, use a long count calendar and Olmec's were the first ones to understand the concept of Zero. Also the sport ball game, was very popular. One of the most desirable foods back-then and especially know, is chocolate. Olmecs not only consumed the chocolate but also traded it with other parts of the Americas. -
Period: 1300 to
beginnings to exploration
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1346
The Black Death
The Black Death transformed the European society. In this time period many died. Rats carried fleas with deadly disease and because, the Europeans lived in poor unhygienic conditions, it made the disease spread quicker. Around 40-50% of Europeans died. Few survived. With no workers, the merchant society forms. This new economy was in favor to merchants, they were now able to charge more money for their labor. -
Aug 3, 1492
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus was born in Italy. He was a talented navigator, that believed the shortest route to Asia was west. He led 4 Voyages, starting with the 1st one in Aug 3, 1492 with the financial help from the European monarchs. There, his first discovery was San Salvador only 2 months later from his departure . Sadly, the voyages had a negative outcomes for the natives in the lands he "discovered." for example in his 2nd voyage, many natives died from the disease his crew carried. -
Jun 7, 1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
The Treaty of Tordesillas was an "agreement" between Spain and Portugal resolving their territorial conflicts. They were fighting over newly discovered land. In order to solve their dispute, the Pope divides the lands between them. Portugal gets only Brazil (they got a raw deal), and Spain receives the land to the west which is good for them because that is where gold is found. -
Aug 13, 1521
Conquest of the Aztecs
The Spaniards, along with enemies of the Aztecs, led by Herman Cortes successfully conquered the Aztecs. The Aztecs made a huge mistake in giving the Spaniards gold. This obviously peak their interest. Cortes took the emperor Montezuma hostage, taking the leader made it easier for them to receive all the gold and other valuable items the Aztecs had. Cortes and his crew had all the advantages, they had weapons, they had horses and the biggest disease, which killed many of aztecs. -
English colonization
England was a late-comer due to dynastic issues between protestants and Catholics. To establish their first English colonies they pushed natives out and used the joint stock method. In 1853 Humphrey Gilbert settled in present day New Found land instead of Rhode Island. Returning back home, his ship got lost and it was never found. In 1585, Walter Raleigh was granted permission to settle in Virginia. He founded the Roanoke Island, also known as The Lost Colony because they suddenly vanished. -
Roanoke colony
The Roanoke colony was established in AUG 1585 on Roanoke island. The colony was founded by Sir Walter Raleigh. The first colonist there didn't do so well because of constant Indian attacks and scarce food supplies and necessities. Sir Raleigh sent out john white along with others, to get the necessities but when they returned, nobody was there. No one knows what happen to them, that is why it is known as the "Lost Colony" -
Period: to
English colonial societies
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Virginia Colony: Tobacco
The Virginia Colony was founded at Jamestown in 1607. It was the first permanent English colony in the new world. The colony went through some hard times and obstacles but there's one crop that helped them survive. At first tobacco was not profitable. One thing to know was that Europeans smoked A LOT of tobacco. It eventually became a profit maker, the main cash crop. Over 1 million pounds were exported to England by 1630. -
John smith
John Smith was a soldier and adventurer. He had an alpha type personality. In September 1608 he became leader of the Jamestown Colony, that was established on May 14, 1607, the 1st permanent British settlement in North america. The colony barely survived the first winter. Captain John Smith saved the colony by creating a rule where anybody who did NOT work, did NOT eat. This made the colonist plant crops, build shelter and forts to protect themselves for attacks and/or weather. -
Head right System
After many deaths the population was declining in Jamestown, Virginia. So, they created a new system in 1618. The system is know as the Head right System, it was used to attract settlers into coming to the region. Who ever successfully attempted to come, were given 50 acres of land to work on. With all that land and shortage of labor slaves were also brought. -
Plymouth colony / Mayflower / Compact
Around 100 men, women and kids set sail on September, 1620 heading to the new world, Plymouth to be precise. They rode the Mayflower ship. Some of the passengers were puritans seeking for religious freedom and some just wanted a better life. The ship landed late December, 1620 and the passengers created the Mayflower Compact as an agreement to stay together. During the winter many of the settlers died. The colony was saved by native Indians- Squanto who taught them how to plant, hunt and fish. -
Pennsylvania
The Pennsylvania colony was founded in March 4, 1681 by William Penn. King George II owed a large debt to Penn so he payed up by giving him a large area in the New World. The reason for founding Pennsylvania was religious reasons. William wanted to create a religious refuge for the Quakers. The colony welcomes everyone as it was called a "peaceable kingdom." The colony has a lmited republic were only men can vote -
Salem Witch Trials
From feb. 1692 to may 1693 there were a series of prosecutions and hearings in Salem Village, Massachusetts. The trials started when the ministers' daughters and her friends started acting strangely, claiming to be possessed by a devil. They blamed several women of witchcraft 'witches,' along with many other people in town. Dozens were hanged before the colony saw the trials as horrific mistakes & compensated the victims families with land or money. -
Act of Union (1707)
England and Scotland were two entirely independent kingdom. In May 1, 1707 the act of union was passed by English and Scotland parliaments when they united creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain. The new Britain is now an empire, lead by parliament, but the colonies still had local control. It was a federal system with central authority and local government. This paved the way for the modern U.S system of government. -
The Enlightenment
The enlightenment era did not spring out of no where, it developed gradually. The age enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophy movement during the 1700s. Some enlightenment thinkers had the idea that science was not a superstition, science and reasoning became a normal way of thinking. They started to question all pre -conceived notions, for example the bible. This is where religious leaders where faced with a challenge of trying to keep their followers into the traditional views. -
Period: to
colonial america to 1773
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Virtual Representation
Virtual representation states that members of parliament served the right to speak for all the people. The colonies however did not have representation in parliament . Agents were the ones who represented the colonial interests but still not all English cities were represented. The colonies were being neglected, left to run by their selves. Salutary neglect was the american term of being ignored or not put into mind. British parliament were looking over and letting the colonist actions slide. -
Slavery
The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic trade was the transportation of enslaved African slaves to the new world. The demand for slaves increased exponentially in the 18th century. The trade went through the middle passage. More than 10% of all slaves died in the voyage Less than 10% of slaves came directly to mainland.voyage. Once in land the slaves were conditioned to physical labor. Southern slaves worked outside in poor conditions. Northern slaves were indentured slaves. -
The Great Awakening
The first great awakening was a reaction to secularism of the enlightenment. It was the religious revitalization movement in the american colonies during 1730-1760. Jonathan Edwards, a minister thought that we had a consumer oriented society, that they were to focused on goods and wealth. In one of his sermon in July 1741, he mentions how "people are like spiders hanging over a pit of damnation' Another important man, was George W. the first inter-colonial preacher, preaching gospel in 1740's -
The French and Indian War
The war also known as the seven years war was a conflict struggle between Britain and France. The war was the first worldwide conflict, the first real world war. Britain and the colonist desire for more land to the west. Their idea was stopped when the French expanded into the Ohio river valley. Later Fort Duquense is seized and George Washington is sent to take the land back, this triggers the French and Indian War. -
Period: to
the revolutionary war
conflict between Britain and the colonies led colonies wanting and gaining their independence -
Treaty of Paris 1763
The Treaty of Paris of 1763 officially ended the french and Indian War. As well as ending the french rule in north america. The french agreed to give up any territories in north america including Canada. Britain gains control of all territory east of the Mississippi river. -
Revenue Act/ Sugar Act
The sugar act was passed to the colonist by Parliament in Britain to raise revenue from all the money lost in war. The war brought the colonies with new bankruptcy and new revenues. The Sugar act requires merchants to pay a tax of six pence per gallon on foreign molasses similar to molasses act. The colonist will resit and voice their opinion- challenging through a petition. -
Stamp Act / Stamp Act Congress
British Parliament passed the Stamp Act in March 22, 1765. The Stamp Act required colonist to pay taxes on all paper. Licenses, news paper, legal documents, every piece of printed paper. The lawyers and printers were the most affected. To show their displeasure, 9 out of the 13 colonies send representatives, they'll have a meeting in October 1765 and protests erupt. The declaratory act was passed in 1766, where parliament will repeal the stamp act -
Boston Massacre
The Boston massacre occurred in Massachusetts, where a crowd of Bostonian's harassed British soldiers with snowballs with rocks. The British soldiers shot back, 'few' were killed and some left wounded. Then Paul Revere creates a fictitious account, a lie. His art was the first great example of propaganda(fake news). Many colonist were outraged with the incident. As a result of protest, parliament will repeal the Townsend act, and the idea of "NO TAXATION WITH OUT REPRESENTATION" arises. -
Georgia (colonial to 1773era)
Georgia was founded by James O. and it was created for the purpose to work as a penal colony "prison colony," where prisoners and poor people were taken, as well as debtors. They all went there for "rehabilitation" in a pure environment. It also served the purpose of a buffer (barrier) colony to protect the english colonies from Spanish Florida and French Louisiana. -
The Boston Tea Party/ Coercive Act (REVOLU. ERA)
The Boston Tea Party was a protest by the Sons Of Liberty. Drunk bostonians will dress up like Indians, board British ships and throw around 340 chests of tea overboard. As a result, Britain closes down the port of Boston as a punishment in the Coercive Acts(Intolerable Acts in 1774). The Act also restricts/ eliminates Massachusetts political institution. And It allowed the quartering/ housing of troops -
Continental Congress
After the intolerable acts were passed, the Americans were fed up and Colonial leaders were concerned because they thought British was overreacting with the passing of the Coercive acts. On September 5, 1774 delegates from all 13 colonies But Georgia sent representatives to Philadelphia. There they had the first continental congress to resist the act. Patrick Henry a lawyer was an outspoken opponent of the acts and warned the coming conflict, his famous words "Give me liberty- or give me death" -
The battle of Lexington & Concord
The British tried to seizure colonist’s military supplies by marching to concord in the night thinking they won’t get caught but Paul Revere (SonOfLiberty) goes on a midnight ride to warn the colonist that the British were coming but gets capture. Redcoats meet better organized militias that use the guerrilla warfare. The battle was a significant victory for the colonists. Then, redcoats meet militia in Lexington "shots heard around the world" where the fight starts. -
Period: to
The constitution
It establishes a government and fundamental laws -
Articles of confederation
The Articles of Confederation was the United States first constitution. It was written during the revolutionary war on November 14,1777 but wasn't ratified until march 1 1781. After winning its independence from Britain, america needed a government to keep them stable and unified. But the articles of confederation was weak, there was no central government. Congress wasn't able to do anything, it didn't have the power to collect taxes. It couldn't enforce laws, had no executive branch or judicial -
Treaty Of Paris 1783
The Treaty of Paris 1783 signed in Paris is a negotiation between Great Britain and the United States. The treaty will end the revolutionary war. There, Britain recognizes the Unites States as an independent and sovereign nation. It grants fishing rights to US off New Found-land. As well as establishing the northern border with British north america/ Canada. The US will receive frontier land to Mississippi River. Also, America says that they will restore all loyalists properties (they don't) -
Shay's Rebellion
shays rebellion was a series of protests in 1786-87 by farmers, led by Daniel shay. Shay was one of the many veterans who weren't compensated for their military services. After the Revolutionary war, there was post war recession , farmers began to lose their land and property because they weren't able to pay their mortgage/ taxes, this infuriated the american farmers. shay gathered a group of men to start a revolt. The rebellion will create a sense of urgency, will the US survive? -
Slavery: 3/5 Compromise
Another slavery issue arose after the Great compromised passed. How would slave be counted? The house of representatives was based on the population so the government didn't know how to count them. The southern states were pro slaves, they wanted to count the slaves because that meant more representation. The northern states were anti-slavery and didn't want the slaves counted. The 3/5 compromise was enacted in 1787, only 3/5 of the population of slaves would be counted -
Constitutional Convention: Virginia Plan
On May 25, 1787 our founding fathers came together, they gathered at Philadelphia. They had two plans for reforming the Articles of Confederation. One of them was presented by James Madison, he proposed the Virginia Plan. The plan benefited large populated states. It abandons the Articles of Confederation, and has the idea of giving power and authority to the government. With a two house legislative: lower(house of representatives) and upper house(senate). -
New Jersey Plan
Two plans were presented in the constitutional convention. The New Jersey Plan was one of them, presented by William Patterson a new jersey delegate in June 15, 1787. The Plan favored small states. New York, New Jersey and Delaware vote for that plan. It tweek / modified the Articles of Confederation. The plan was built with a single legislature. Unlike the Virginia Plan, the NJP gave equal representation.One state equals one vote in congress, to protect the equality of small and large states. -
The Connecticut Plan
The Connecticut Plan also known as the Great Compromise was a plan proposed by Roger Sherman and Oliver Elisworth, Connecticut delegates on July 16, 1787. It was the solution to the debate of representation in small and large states. This plan is our modern day congress. It shares ideas from both the Virginia and New Jersey Plan. It has a bi-cameral legislature: a house of representatives based on the states population. As well as a senate: 2 senators per state. -
Period: to
the new republic
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The election of 1788
The election of 1788 was the first ever presidential election and only white men who owned property could vote and similar to now they set up an electoral college system. George Washington, commander -in-chief during the american revolution, was seen as a god-like figure and was everyone's choice. The second place winner became the vice president because there was no other runner. John Adams became the vice president -
Federalist
The federalist party was founded in 1789 by Alexander Hamilton, its one of the first political parties formed. The party supported the constitution (they had a loose interpretation of it) but opposed the bill of rights( believed it was unnecessary).They wanted a powerful central government and checks and balances to preserve the government. A man, John Jay wrote " the federalist" where he defended the constitution and promoted it, its also used in our modern day supreme court. -
Alien and Sedition Acts
America was being threatened, the people go paranoid, to establish control the government passes the Alien and Sedition Act. Alien act: made it more difficult for foreigners/ immigrants to become citizens. There was a massive power in deporting citizens. Sedition Act: this law made it a crime to say bad things against the US government or president. This act was used against the republicans by the federalist, republicans didn't want to get punished so they stayed silent -
Bank of the United States
The Bank Of the United States was Hamilton's idea to control the flow of money. The bank was used as a depository bank, to make loans and stabilize currency as well as the economy, but it sets off constitution issues. Is it constitutional or not? Since it was a central bank, republicans were against the it, they thought that the central government had too much power. President George Washington sides with Hamilton and makes the charters the bank(official). -
Whiskey Rebellion
After the american revolution the states had build up a big debt. To try an take over the debt, George Washington influenced by the treasury secretary, Hamilton, passes the whiskey tax in 1791. This was the first domestic test for the US constitution. Whiskey was economically important for Pennsylvania and Kentucky farmers, they earn large profits. The tax on their whiskey upsets them and farmers will revolt. 6,000 threatened to attack Pittsburgh. Washington leads an army and shuts them down. -
International Conflicts
Jay's treaty (John Jay): was an agreement between the federalist and Britain. Britain agrees to vacate the forts they controlled. This outrages the republicans, they see federalist as traitors, pro-British. Pickney's treaty: was signed in October 27 1795, Spain controlled the Mississippi river and wouldn't let the US use it. The treaty with Spain now allowed the US to navigate the river and use new Orleans as a port. The treaty also favored the relationship between US and Spain. -
Election Of 1800
Jefferson wins this time.. sort of. He ties with Aaron burr. So the house of representatives is now left to decide who wins. The deal will be struck by Hamilton who persuades the house of representatives to vote for Jefferson. Hamilton wants Jefferson to win, who he saw as the lesser of two evils, because he hates Burr. Jefferson promises not to undo the federalist policies. After this election the 12th amendment is ratified, it requires separate ballots for the president and vice president. -
Marbury V. Madison
Madison, the secretary of state withholds nominations for new judge positions. Marbury, an angry appointee sues because he didn't become a judge. The marbury vs. Madison case becomes the most important supreme court case in US history. This case will set up judicial review. Chief John Marshall rules that marbury is entitled to a position but because the supreme court lacked jurisdiction, they didn't force Madison to give him the position. This case sets up our modern court. -
Period: to
The Age of Jefferson
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Louisina Purchase
The purchase was dated April 30,1803 and signed May 2. Spain cedes Louisiana back to France. Napoleon then asks if the US is interested in purchasing Louisiana due to financial difficulties. Also Napoleon threatens to close the New Orleans port. At the end before Napoleon backs down from the offer, Louisiana is sold to the US. 3 cents per acre, doubling the size of the US and securing the Mississippi River. Jefferson is seen as a hypocrite for overseeing his own constitutional views. -
Lewis and Clark
Lewis, secretary to Jefferson leads the expedition and Clark, army officer with map making experience accompanies him with others.They will sail up the Missouri river in kneel boats. In the path way they will receive help by a woman named Sacagawea, she helps them translate to other tribes, showing her peaceful intentions. They negotiate treaties with natives. The expedition lasts about 3 years, within the journey they learned and gather plants, and animals native to the land. Ends Sep 23, 1806 -
Embargo act 1807
Leading up the war with Britain Americans were being forced by Britain into naval service, this is known as impressment. Then, British fire to the USS Chesapeake. The US congress will react by passing the embargo act . The act prohibits american ships from trading with Britain and France, they are deprived from american goods. Thomas Jefferson believes it's a good idea but it doesn't work, in fact the embargo hurts the US economy -
The war of 1812
Many Americans wanted war with Britain because the British kept on taking their people. The British navy was still very powerful and dominant. America will take on land-based strategy but British beat back Americans from Canada. They also blockade american ports as well as take Washington DC in 1814, burning the white house as a revenge of the US burning the Canadian capital. At Fort McHenry,Francis Scott Key, writes the poem " Start Spangled Banner" -
Hartford Conventions
The Hartford Conventions are a series of meeting were primarily federalists discuss their concerns on the War of 1812. They didn't want to go to war with Britain because they were on there side because of trading economy. There, federalists threaten to break up from the Union. They also wanted to strengthen New England's political position, as well as to repeal the 3/5 compromise that was on favor for slave states. The federalist are seen as traitors and there political party ends. -
Period: to
the american industrial revolution
1st half -
McCulloch v. Maryland
The 2nd national bank was charted in 1816 to regulate currency. Years later Maryland imposed taxes on the bank notes. James McCulloch a federal cashier refused to pay the tax imposed by the state. Maryland then files a suit against McCulloch. Chief Justice Marshall noted that states cannot tax the government or take place of federal rights. This led the south to more radical views of states rights. Did the government had too much power? The case was a landmark decision by the supreme court -
Temperance
The temperance movement began in the 1820's . Temperance is the obstination from alcohol. The consumption of alcohol was at the all time highest. People drank all day. Men got physically abusive with their wives.The movement helped by reducing the alcohol consumption dramatically. Some states even banned alcohol. -
Fur Trade
By the western frontier there was fur trade. Fur trade was an american domination by 1820's. Its a worldwide industry of the sale of animals fur. It brought huge profit to the hunters, fur-anything was a fashion statement. The need for fur soon declined when beavers were harder to find, almost driven to extinction. Also fur wasn't a thing, fashion changed to silk. The trappers disappear by 1840s. Trappers and military were expeditioners who brought back information about western lands. -
Period: to
cultural changes
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Missouri Compromise
Missouri applies for admission as a slave state but is denied. Northern states are against admission because they fear they'll loose power in the house of representatives. To resolve this crisis congress passed the Missouri compromise for new states, a temporary solution. The compromise sets balance 1:1, for every slave state that enters, a free one does too. It draws an imaginary line at 36*30* latitude. Below the line are slave states, above line are free states. Guarantees future conflict. -
Abolitionist
Abolitionism is the movement to end slavery. Gradualism: freeing slaves gradually to Liberia, Africa began in 1822. Immedialism: immediate end of slavery. Throughout the formation of the United states, there were many brave abolitionist. John Brown, was a martyr to the abolitionist cause. Harriet Tubman, helped many slaves gain their freedom through the underground railroad, while putting her life at risk. Harriet Stowe wrote "uncle toms cabin" it brought attention to the evils of slavery. -
Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism is movement that arose in 1820s 1830s. Ralpho Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were central figures. Transcendentalism is based on the idea of having individual sense in their selves and the universe, the world around them, beyond what they can see, hear, taste, touch or feel. -
Texas
Mexico granted land to Moses Austin(pioneer) for americans to colonize/ settle in their land as a buffer colony, but he died. His son then received the job. Mexicans had conditions for their settlement: they had to become Catholics, learn the Spanish language and get rid of all their slaves. Americans didn't follow the conditions. Whites started outnumbering Hispanics 10:1. There were around 300,00 settlers by 1830's (whites) -
Period: to
age of Jackson
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Election of 1824
The US election of 1824 was held from Oct 26 -Dec 2, 1824. There were 4 main candidates running: John Q Adams, Andrew Jackson, William c and Henry clay. The constitution says that the winner needs to have the majority of the electoral college. None of them did. So Congress turned it over to the house of representatives. The house elected Adams. Henry clay made a deal with J.Q Adams, he will pick him, only if JQ Adams makes clay the secretary of state" Andrew J called this the corrupt bargain. -
Prisons
Prisons are facilities where people are held for punishment. Penitentiary: prisoners are isolated to correct themselves. They were housed at night, but worked during the day. Sing, Sing prison was opened in 1826 in NEW YORK. Eastern State Penitentiary: prisoners there thought about their past actions and were always in constant watch. The mentally ill were first confined with the general population but where given their own prison later. -
Election of 1828
The US election of 1828, was a rematch between John Q. Adams the winner of the 1824 presidential election &Andrew Jackson. Andrew Jackson took a new strategy for his campaign. He related with the people, his campaign was focused on his military career & personal life. He used his humble origins "i am a common man" and he praised his military accomplishment in the battle of new Orleans. He wanted to get his name out OLD HICKORY. He Also founded the 2nd party system, our modern democratic party. -
Southern Society
Planters were the social elite class in the south, most of them didn't own any slaves. Yeoman Farmers were the middle class, they worked in communal effort. 75% of the Yeoman farmers didn't own any slaves. They also formed militias, that helped catch run away slaves and guarded against slave rebellions. Tenant Farmer were lowest class they made up 30-50% of the south. They were seen similarly as slaves. Whites in the south took honor and reputation seriously, class was important -
Mormons
Mormons are a religious and cultural group, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints" founded by Joseph Smith. Joseph Smith found golden tablets in 1823 that were written in ancient language. It mention how native Americans were the lost tribes of Israel (Jews). Mormonism appealed to farmers and traders, and people who didn't do well in the new market. -
Native Americans: Indian Removal Act
Jackson hated Indians, Indian tribes like the Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminoles had to assimilate/ adapt to the american ways and transform into Christians. Then, gold was found in Cherokees Land, this is when the Indian Removal Act of 1830 was passed. The Indian Removal Act gave the president to exchange Indian land to reservations, pretty much they were kicked out. As a response the Cherokees go to legal help. -
Slave Codes
After the Nat turner slave rebellion, the deadliest and largest slave uprising, the whites went nuts. They banned the preaching of slaves, limited the access of firearms to the free blacks. Southern states enforced their militia, and now assaults on whites, became a capital offense. Slave codes were also passed, new laws: limiting the travel of slaves, defining them as property. As well as not letting them learn how to read and write so they wouldn't communicate with others -
Nat Turners Rebellion
Nat Turner was an enslaved African american who led a rebellion of slaves and free blacks in Southampton County, Virginia. Its said that he received a vision, the solar eclipse. "Black covers white. The sign he was waiting for to save his people. Nat Turners Rebellion was the largest and deadliest slave uprising in US history. Rebel slaves killed around 55-65 white people. Northerners viewed the rebellion as heroic. At the end Nat Turner was tried and hanged -
Bank Veto Speech
Jackson vetoed the bill that modifies and allows the Second Bank of The United States to continue. In his speech Andrew Jackson explains why he vetoed the bill and lays out a vision for american democracy. His speech attracts the opposing side enough that some started supporting him and the democracy. He appeals to the common man, courts were not the authority on the constitution- " court doesnt decide whats good for the people. The people do." With his speech, Jackson destroys clay. -
Nullification Crisis
Congress started raising import taxes on 1832 when they passed the Tariff Act of 1832 on foreign goods and textiles (clothing). The Taxes affected South Carolina and the Southern Agriculture. John Calhoun- the vice president advocated nullifying the law. Nullification is the formal suspension of a federal law by a state. At last he resigned the Vice Presidency over the issue. Webster- Haynes Debate is where Webster attacks state's rights and denying they could judge the constitution -
Changes in Agriculture
During the american industrial revolution, inventions were created. They helped the job get done, easier and faster. John Deeree invented the Iron plow in 1837 used by farmers to break through soil. The Crank Churn replaced the simplistic dash churns. Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, a machine that easily separated the seeds from cotton fibers. The machinery increased slavery. -
Changes in Communication
The Telegraph was invented by Samuel Morse in mid 1830's, it worked by transmitting electrical signals over wire-laid between stations. The telegraph helped spread out news quicker. Also printing changed- they weren't using the printing press anymore, they had a more moderated printer, it was now cheaper to print, there was mass production for more books. -
Cherokee Nation V. Georgia / Trail of Tears
The Cherokee nation sought for federal help when the Indian Removal Act of 1830 threaten to remove the Cherokee tribe and placed them in an Indian reservation. The court couldn't resolved the issue because the Cherokees were citizens, they were their own nation therefore they couldn't sue. In 1838 the Cherokee nation was forced to give up their lands east to the Mississippi river and relocated to Indian territory (president day Oklahoma), thousands will die due to weather and lack of food. -
Industry : Lowell Mills
During the American Industrial revolution woman were now able to work. The Lowell Mills were many mills in Massachusetts. The Lowell-Waltham System was labor for young woman who came to work at a textile factories. There was large labor force, woman worked for long hours in bad conditions. But women now earned 'more' -
Conflict /First Police Forces
There was racial tension, white mobs were blaming blacks and immigrants for taking their jobs. Also temperance/ Prohibition was the banning of alcohol because men would hit their wives. Police forces were needed, to deal with all the tension. the first forces were established in the 1830's-1840's. The New York police force was establish in 1845 -
Period: to
westward expansion
The belief that the US should expand, and stretch from one coast to the other, even if it meant invading others settled before -
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
With the defeat of Mexico's army& city, Mexico enters peace negotiations. The peace talk were negotiated by Nicholas Trist(US) and Luis C., Bernardo and Miguel A(MX). The Mexican american war ends February 2 1840 with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The treaty settles the border disputes, giving Texas the Rio Grande as its Boundary. US seizes over half of mexico's territory, acquiring over 500,000 square miles of territory. But issues rise, will the territories enter as a free or slave state? -
Election of 1840
In the Election of 1836, martin van Buren (old kinder hook,ok) was left with a bad economy because of the defunding of the 2nd bank of US. In the election of 1840 he fights for a re-election against the economic depression and General William Henry Harrison, a member of the Whig Party. The Whigs Party spread rumors about Van Buren, and use women to influence the vote of their husbands. Harrison wins landslide but only makes it a month. The Vice president: John Tyler becomes the president. -
Mexican-American War
From 1846-1848, America and Mexico go into war because of resentment of Texas independence and the annexation of Texas. Mexico dispatches attacks on Zachary Taylor's army by the Rio Grande on April 25, 1846. Battles: Veracruz(american victory), Pallo Alto(american victory), San Pascual (Mexican victory), Battle of Mexico City(american victory, ends the war) The War led to a devastating defeat of mexico, they lose half of their territory to the United States under the Treaty of Guadalupe. -
Wilmot Proviso
After the Mexican-American war many foresaw an issue with slavery growing in the new territories gained from Mexico. David Wilmot introduced a plan, the Wilmot Proviso, a proposal to ban slavery in the territory acquired. This infuriated the southerners and created a political firestorm. Democrats and Whigs will split into pro- slavery and free soil factions. The idea of popular sovereignty is proposed allowing states to chose their own path: free or slave. -
Period: to
sectionalism
Northeners were becoming opposed to slavery, southerners defended their view on being pro-slavery, divides the US -
California Gold Rush
When gold was found in California thousands migrated. In 1849 there was only 14,000 people but by 1852 there were over 200,000 people in California. Gold made California rich and supported industries. At first gold was easy to find, but finding it became a challenge after 1852, that is when mining began. As mining began, so did Chinese migration, there were 45,000 migrants by 1854. Chinese miners worked in the worst dangerous mines and they were faced with racism. -
Seneca Falls convention
Seneca Falls Convention began on July 19-20, 1848 at the Wesleyan Chapel in Seneca Falls, NY. It was the first ever woman's convention in the United States. The two organizers were Elizabeth Cady Staton & Lucretta Mott, both were abolitionist who met at 1840 world anti- slavery convention. Around 300 men and women assisted the convention. The convention was to raise attention the unfair treatment of women. Staton wrote the declaration of sentiments and resolutions, the blue print to suffrage. -
Manifest Destiny
Manifest destiny is the notion or idea by many american settlers in the mid 1800s that the United States should be a continental nation, stretching from coast to coast. The idea was first introduced/ used by John L. o' Sullivan in the article of annexation of Texas: " The fulfillment of our Manifest Destiny to overspread the continent allotted by providence. They believed that expanding their land would help them politically and economically. Southerners wanted more land for cotton production . -
Election of 1848
Zachary Taylor (Whig) v. Martin Van Buren (free soil party). Zachary Taylor was an american general and slave owner. His political views were mostly unknown, he was a no party man. His campaign was different, in the north he campaign for the wilmot proviso but in the south he campaign as pro slave. Martin Van Buren supported the wilmot proviso, he wanted to keep slavery where it already existed. At the end Zachary Taylor wins easily. -
Compromise of 1850
Henry Clay introduced a series of five bills in January 29,1850, that will be passed in September, all dealing with slavery. After the gain of California, its disputed whether Cali can enter as a free state which In the compromise Cali does. Utah and New Mex. are territories formed and given popular sovereignty in the slave or free decision. The Fugitive slave act is part of the 5 bills, its the return of runway slaves. Also Texas boundary is set and slave trade will be banned in Washington D.C -
The fugitive slave act 1850
The fugitive slave act was passed In September, 1850 as part of the compromise of 1850, the act required/allowed the capture and return of runaway slaves within the US territory and even the ones that looked like slaves, no matter if they were actually free. It created commissioners for returning slaves. Whites could be jailed or fined if they refused to help capture slaves. Once slaves were captured they had no right for trial. -
Education
In 1821 Boston started the first public school. Grades were now assigned to students. On 1852, Massachusetts became the first state to enact a compulsory attendance (mandatory). Education is seen as a good thing now but decades ago there was backlash. Education meant high taxes, labor issues: kids were usually helping with labor and now the parents had no help. And Catholics feared protestant education -
Election Of 1852
A member of young america, who promotes territorial expansion Franklin Pierce(D) wins the election. Winfield Scott lost, he was an ally with Ani-slavery Whigs. The Whig party started to fall apart because of different slavery views. Both the North and South wanted to stop each other from expanding. Northerners opposed the idea of southern expansion due to slavery. Southerners opposed northern expansion due to potential outlawing. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act in May 30,1854. Southerners were afraid of two new free states because of balance 1:1. Stephen Douglas introduced the bill were Kansas and Nebraska were given popular sovereignty on the decision to enter as a free or slave state. Kansas enters a slave state and Nebraska enters as free state. The act also repealed the Missouri compromise, it got rid of the 36* 30* latitude imaginary line that didn't allow states above that line to be slave states. -
Dred Scott vs. Stanford
Dred Scott, a former slave had a kind master. He would take Scott with him to the North and even allowed Scott to have a family of his own. After the death of his master, the wife sold him and his family. This is when Scott sues his masters claiming that he is free and has lived like a citizen. The Supreme Court case sets that congress lacked the power to ban/regulate slavery in US territories therefore Scott was not entitled to his freedom. No slave can claim its freedom or sue federal courts. -
John Browns Raid
John Brown was an abolitionist who believed God called on him to destroy slavery. He wanted to invade the south and start a slave revolt. Brown led raiders to Harper's Ferry, Virginia to take control of the town and federal arsenal. His plan to spread the revolt all over the south failed. Lee quickly defeats Brown. John and his raiders were tried and hanged. He becomes a martyr in the north, dying for the abolitionist cause. Southerners are outrage believing north inspire slave revolts. -
North/ South
The north's population was 22 million, It was an industrialized region, with 110,000 factories, a $1.5 billion industry. They manufactured 97% of weapons and 94% of clothes. The north had over 22,000 miles of track railroads. Unlike the north, the south was a agriculture based economy with 5.5 million people and 3.5 million slaves to work on the 18k factories in the region, a $155 million industry. They manufactured only 3% of weapons. With only 9,000 miles of track railroads. -
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american civil war
sectional conflict between the north and the south led to the secession of the south, confederates. -
International Problems : cotton embargo & Trent Affair
The southern cotton embargo was a strategy where the south implements a voluntarily embargo on cotton. The confederacy cuts of the supply of cotton that was an essential raw material for Britain and France. This tactic was to pressure the powerful Britain & France to join the confederate side in the civil war. The Trent affair (1861) is when USS San Jacinto intercepts RMS Trent were diplomats are arrested. Britain demands an apology for the embargo and Lincoln releases the confederate diplomats. -
South: war problems
The south does well until 1863. They are faced with financial and leadership issues(Jefferson Davis was a bad leader). Southerners suffer from food shortages due to the Union blockade and Union conquests of southern territories . To support themselves the south starts their own drafts and income tax. Then, The Twenty Negro law is passed on October, 11 1862 in favor of the "rich," whoever owns more than twenty slaves are exempt from service. The law makes the poor southerns upset. -
Emancipation proclamation
From the beginning of the war Lincoln said that the conflict was to preserve the Union and not to abolish slavery but Mid 1862 his mindset change. After the battle of Antietam Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation proclamation where he declares all slaves free unless the rebellion ends by Jan 1, 18163. Lincolns executive order stops Britain from entering the war on the south side because they are also against slavery. BUT the border states (neutral) are allowed to keep their slaves. -
North: war problems
The northerners were disillusioned with the war, it got harder to get recruits and re-enlistments. To try and resolve this issue the Conscription Act was passed on March 3, 1863. All males 20-45 years were eligible and even immigrants were eligible for draft. Many southerners were upset over the Conscription Act and income tax so, the Draft riots began, some southerners violently protest the draft. Most of them were poor, immigrants or in the working class category. -
Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg is the most important battle in the civil war. It's the turning point of the war and it lasts 3 days JULY 1-3, 1863. On day one: the confederate advances to the Union's position led by Robert E. Lee. On the second day is where the heavier fighting begins, the two sides go back and forth. On July 3rd, the deadliest day, the Union devastates a charge up the center by confederates. General Lee is forced to withdraw and he retreats back to the south losing 1/3 of his force. -
Reconstruction Plans
On December 8 1863 Abraham Lincoln issues a proclamation of Amnesty& Reconstruction, Lincoln's Ten Percent, a lenient plan. Under the proclamation he offers pardon to all southerners expect for officers& officials. But they had to take an oath to support the Union and not disobey anymore, It required that at least 10% of the of the seceded state voters swear their loyalty. The wade davis bill was similar but more strict, he wanted to punish confederate leaders and stripped their citizenship. -
Black codes
After the Civil war, slaves were given their freedom. Southerners opposed it, so white southerners reestablish civil authority. The codes were passed with the intent to restrict African Americans freedom and ensure their labor force, pretty much their lives were being controlled and restricted. If African Americans didn't have a job or home, they had the possibility of being arrested. Farmers would exploit them with harsh labor. They outlawed interracial marriage. "Slavery without the chains" -
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Reconstruction
Restoring and reconstructing the south after the civil war -
Freedom Amendments
The 13TH amendment was passed by congress on January 31, 1865, but it was ratified on December 6, 1865, the amendment abolished slavery, freeing blacks. The 14TH amendment was passed on July 9, 1868 it addresses citizen rights for African Americans and guarantees equal protection. The 15TH amendment passed on February 3, 1870 gave citizens (African Americans) the right to vote. -
Freedmen's Bureau
The freedmen's bureau was established in March 3, 1865 to help former slaves. It's a relief agency that provided food, schools, and land that were confiscated from the Yeoman Farmers, now they were given to the former slaves, as well as emergency services. It was the only main institution for reconstruction and its policy. The freedmen's movement are many former slaves wandering and some will try and find their lost ones. -
Lincolns Assassination
On April 14, Lincoln and his wife attend a play "Our American Cousin" at ford's theater, only five days after the Appomattox courthouse where the confederates surrender. John Booth Wilkes,an actor enters the private presidential box where Lincoln was enjoying the performance and shoots Lincoln in the back of his head. Abraham Lincoln was mortally wounded and was taken in a lodging house where he dies the following day. His funeral procession, on his way back to Illinois for burial, attracts many -
KKK
The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was a group of white southerners who resisted the ideas passed under the reconstruction era, that tried to make whites and blacks equal. They wanted to maintain white supremacy. KKK intimated and punished blacks and anyone who supported Republicanism with Violence. George ashbrn was a radical republican that was assassinated by the KKK. He was the first murder from the KKK in Georgia -
The new south
The Souths new society was built around segregation and oppression. There was an economic boom that brought many new railroads, cut taxes and limited the amount of money invested on social programs and public education. The lost cause was the southerners way to justify losing the civil war. Southerners blamed their lost, to factors that were beyond their control they said that the Union had unfair advantages: weapons population , industrialization. -
Vagrancy
The Vagrancy Act was passed on January 15, 1866. Vagrancy is the state of living a vagrant, homeless. The act would allow African Americans to get arrested for wandering and not having a home. If they weren't arrested, they would be forced to work on plantations to pay for their fine. They'd make them sign long-term contracts, that would only pay their fine if they COMPLETED the term. Children of the vagrants were also forced into apprenticeships until they reached the age of 21.
