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2000 BCE
Maya
The Maya people followed the Maya calendar, some days were considered lucky and others wouldn't. When festivals depended according to the position of the stars and the day of their calendar. The Mayas followed the caste system, the upper caste was composed of rulers, nobles and priests. the middle class were merchant and soldiers, finally the lower caste was made up of farmers and slaves. With this system it was difficult to move upwards. Status was hereditary. -
Period: 2000 BCE to
Beginings to Exploration
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500
Dark Ages
This period of the middle ages was described as dark because of the supposed lack of scientific and cultural advancement. This was a backwards time for Europe. Feudalism was their political, economic, and social system.The Catholic Church believed that life and death were in god's hands, the monks and priests had no interest in how the body functioned. They also opposed the scientific and cultural advancements the Greeks and Romans had pioneered. -
1300
The Renaissance
The Renaissance means the "rebirth" of the period in European civilization that followed the Middle Ages. There was interest in science and medicine unlike in the Middle Ages. Technology and ideas started to bloom; the printing press for example was invented by Johan Gutenberg-1440. This forever transformed Europe and the world in general by increasing literacy. Artistry was also an important aspect. Classical realism in sculptures and paintings was implemented in art works of Leonardo Da Vinci. -
1347
The Black Death
The black death was a plague that came to Europe on trading ships also known as the Bubonic Plague that lasted four years from Eastern and Central Asia. The Plague was characterized as big black soars all over the persons body. 1/3 of the population died in Europe. The source of the disease was bacteria in the blood in rats and fleas. During this event peasants began to demand higher wages since it was harder to find people to work. European rulers later passed The Statue of Laborers on 1351. -
Oct 12, 1492
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus is credited with the discovery of the America's in 1492, "The New World". Columbus was a talented navigator and he believed that the shortest route to Asia was West. He went to several Kings to get Funding so that he could sail west to Asia. Finally, Catholic Monarchs of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella sponsored him. He had a total of 4 trips across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain. All throughout his life he believed he had discovered Asia however, it was the America's. -
1493
Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange refers to the exchange of goods from the Old World to the New World. Exchanges were of different fruits, plants, animals and disease. The Columbian exchange impacted the social and culture of both sides of the Atlantic. Christopher Columbus introduced horses, sugars plants, and disease to the New World. This affected the ones living there because they weren't immune to those diseases and killed many of the Indian population. However, it benefited more the Old World. -
Jun 7, 1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
Spain and Portugal were fighting over territory over the lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus. Pope Alexander VI divided the new lands between them by an imaginary line running north and south through the mid-Atlantic, making an agreement between Spain and Portugal. Portugal got all lands east of that line and Spain got all lands west of that line. This treaty ignored the millions of people that were already living in those established communities in the America's. -
Triangular Trade
The Triangular Trade was established during the 16th century between Europe, Africa and the Americas. Europe would send products to Africa which would then trade those for slaves then slaves were shipped from Europe and sold to the Americas and lastly, they would send raw materials to England. Colonist became anglicized. They also wanted to some extent imitate the English society regarding architecture. For example, English manor houses or state houses and churches. -
Virginia
Virginia was one of the Chesapeake Colonies that was first known as Virginia Company of London. At the beginning, there was only 105 settlers only 32 survived the first winter. They weren't yet adapted to the new world. John Smith negotiated treaty with local natives to survive, and indeed he survived two winters. Settlers went there to look for silver and gold, but there was only Tobacco. The Headright System attracted new settlers by giving them 50 acres, since population was in decline. -
Period: to
English Colonial Societies
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Slavery
The method slaves came into the colonies was through the Middle Passage from Africa. Slaves were put into crowded ships therefore, 10% of all slaves died on voyages. Slaves replaced indentured servants. In the North slavery wasn't as necessary but, those slaves who were in the North didn't do as intense labor as in the south. The North also had communities of free slaves because they generally disliked slavery. Some slaves sabotaged masters by faking illness or by pretending tools didn't work. -
Plymouth Colony
Plymouth was part of one of the New England Colonies. This colony was established by Puritans. They had sailed on a mayflower that landed 100s of miles north past Virginia where they originally had to land. They created the Mayflower Compact (1620) to legally make it their settlement. Puritans were known as Reformers at first; they believed that England and Holland were too corrupt. and they were afraid that their children became too Dutch. -
Southern Colonies
Natural resources were a major influence on how the thirteen colonies were to function in the future from the beginning. The establishment of the colonies was another factor of the development of the Southern Colonies. The Southern Colonies were focused more on agriculture. They would produce cotton, tobacco and other crops. Cotton was a huge impact on the South years later because they had a vast majority of slaves which later became an issue specially after the Civil War. -
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Massachusetts Bay Colony was also one of The New England Colonies. Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 which made 20,000 upset Puritans. John Winthrop along with them founded Massachusetts as the "perfect" society by selecting settlers that were married so that they could have a family because family was important to them. And the towns were built around church or a town center and no more that half a mile out from center. -
Colonial Economies
Geography was a an important role on how the economies of the Colonies were. The New England Colonies were surrounded by water and cold weather therefore, they had markets based on fishing and ship building. Next the Middle Colonies had a mixed economy because they had large agriculture, farms that grew large amounts of grains and oats, and they also had logging, and textiles production. Lastly, The Upper and Lower South's economy were based on their largely plantations of tobacco and rice. -
Pennsylvania
Province of Pennsylvania which was later known as Pennsylvania was one of the Proprietary Colonies. William Penn was a Quaker and he was also the founder of Pennsylvania. Penn wanted to create religious refuge for Quakers. Since King Charles II owed him, he therefore granted the land west of New Jersey (Pennsylvania) to William Penn. Sure enough Pennsylvania was meant as a refuge for anyone and was called "peaceable kingdom". -
English Bill of Rights
The Parliament of England passed the English Bill of Rights after The Glorious Revolution. King James II abused his power. The English Bill of Rights were signed by William and Mary. These excluded Catholics from the Monarchy and protected the basic rights of people. For example, no excessive bail, no cruel or unusual punishment and arms suitable for defense regulated by parliament. This influenced the Constitution of The United States later in history. -
Salem Witch Trials
Salem Village, Massachusetts was founded by Puritans. The first Trial started with a minister's daughter. This whole incident started through a slave practicing voodoo who was known as Tituba. Accusations continued because Tituba said more people had signed the Devil's book. 24 people were executed and those who confessed survived however, they were ostracized from Puritan society. The Salem Witch Trials resulted in the idea of Innocent until proven guilty. -
The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was a movement in which science became normal thinking and it also proceeded into questioning all pre-conceived notions like the Bible (religion). The significance of this movement was to improve society and to innovate religion. Philosophers were a group of thinkers. Some well known philosophers were Newton who had the theory of gravity and the laws of motion and Locke, who had ideas of people and the government. Benjamin Franklin was the symbol of American Enlightenment. -
Period: to
Colonial America To 1763
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The Great Awakening
The First Great Awakening (1730-1770) was the reaction to secularism of the Enlightenment movement. This awakening was about various religious congregations that were based more with emotions. One of the movers of this movement was John Edwards a minister that described the ignoring of religion which scared many into becoming religious again. Another Minister was George Whitefield, he would preach indoors and outdoors and was a powerful speaker. He showed comfort on promise of eternal salvation. -
Seven-Years War/ French and Indian War
The French and Indian War was focused primarily between England and France. British declared war in 1756 to France over the Ohio territory. Although the British had several defeats. On September 1760 British decided to focus on other tactics to win. The Treaty of 1763 ended the French and Indian War and Britain received Canada from France and Florida from Spain but it also gave Louisiana to Spain. This strengthen the Colonies by removing the rivals, and therefore could move towards the west. -
Virtual Representation
Members of the Parliament were supposed to represent all are of Britain in the Colonies. Taxes were taken by "force" according to the colonist. They did not have any representatives in Parliament to argue for the interests of colonists. They also felt like tax laws were violating their rights (No Taxation Without Representation). Agents represented the Colonial interests however, not all English cities were represented. -
Period: to
The Revolutionary Era
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Nonimportation Movement
The Nonimportation Movement was a colonial boycott against British goods from 1765 to 1770 which meant no importing or exporting items to Britain. Women and men agreed on the goods they weren't going to use that were manufactured in England. Some of this goods were tea, syrup and other merchandises. Colonist were doing this to protest against the Stamp Act. Women started to make their own clothes. Wearing hand-made American cloth was a way of showing their political statement to England. -
Stampt Act
The Stamp Act was passed by the British Parliament. This was taxes that colonists had to pay in a form of a stamp for every paper they printed or documents they had. The colonists saw this as if Britain was taking advantage of them, because they didn't take in consideration the colonial legislatures and therefore, they weren't pleased for paying for them. British passed this Act so that they could pay for the troops stationed in the Appalachian Mountains to protect the frontier. -
Boston Massacre
After the Townshend Act, British troops were moving towards the colonies. This event started because there was a crowd of Bostonian's harassing the Red Coats by throwing chunks of ice and snow balls. One of the troops raised his musket and fired, soon others followed. Paul Revere engraved "The Bloody Massacre in King-Street", and it's the most effective piece of propaganda in American history. This turned out to be the spark of the War. Troops had to leave the colonies for their own protection. -
Boston Tea Party
The Boston Tea Party was another event where they protested. This time it was against the British Parliament's Tea Act. Patriots along with Samuel Adams organized this "party". Boston was boycotting the tea and they weren't letting ships bring the tea to the shore. The night of December 16,1773, colonials got drunk and decided to dress up as Indians. They did this so that they wouldn't know it was Bostonian's dumping the tea in the water. At the end there was 340 chest lost. -
The Declaration of Independence
This document declared independence from Britain "all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved." and colonies declared United and Independent States.Thomas Jefferson was in charge of writing the draft by John Adams. It was completed July 2nd, but signed on the 4th.The Second Continental Congress edited and adopted the Declaration on Independence. Most grievances were against Britain and they also avoided anti-monarchical sentiment. -
Battle of Saratoga
The British were used to open battle field which was one of their disadvantages. Morgan on the other hand, had sharp shooters with the advantage of fighting using the traditional native tactics. First, they killed the scouts that were with the red coats, then they proceeded into killing all of the British leaders except for 1. The shot that killed Fraser made it a major American victory. This persuaded the French to join on Americas' side and now British had to fight in two fronts: land and sea. -
Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation established loose friendship of independent states. There was no central authority, congress was the leader. Money, laws, power, jurisdiction all differed from state to state. There was more authority retained locally or state level and very little was given to a central power (congress). Congress could not regulate trade between states and foreign countries; and also they did not have the power to tax. -
Massachusetts Constitution
The Massachusetts Constitution was drafted by john Adams, Samuel Adams and James Bowdoin during the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention between September 1 and October 30,1779. This was the future model for the United States Constitution. People had ability to vote for what they wanted. they had checks and balances and separation of powers. There was executive veto power. And the governor was elected by the people/masses. -
Treaty of Paris- 1783
The Treaty of Paris 1783 ended the Revolutionary War officially. It also recognized the United States as an independent and sovereign nation. It was signed by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States which were Adams, Franklin and Jay. It established the Northern border with British North America/Canada. It restored loyalist properties. Both nations had access to the Mississippi River. -
Shay's Rebellion
The United states was in debt from the Revolutionary War. One of the causes of Shay's rebellion was because the government imposed "unfair" taxes on Massachusetts in 1787 which led to farmers losing their houses. Daniel Shay led the farmers. This was a failure because Shay was arrested. However, it demonstrated of how weak the government was under the Articles of Confederation and a wake-up call for the government. Shay's rebellion was a major factor that lead to the Constitutional Reform. -
Two Plans
There was Two Plans for Reform (May 29 and June 15). The Virginia Plan was for large populated states. They wanted to get rid of the AOC, have a Two-house legislature: the lower house elected by the people and the upper house (senate) elected by the lower house. Their population based representation. The New Jersey Plan (small states), wanted to modify the version of the AOC. They wanted single legislature (one state one vote) and with this plan Congress had the power to tax and regulate trade. -
Two competing forms of governments
The parties were Federalist and democratic republicans they formed because there was opposing views on how the government should be organized. Hamilton was a Federalist they wanted a strong central government that's the reason they supported the constitution. They had a loose interpretation. On the other hand Jefferson was a Democratic-republican, he believed state rights should have more power. They supported the AOC because the central government was weak. They also had strict interpretation. -
Shakers
Shakers were known to be pacifist and therefore didn't believe in killing or harming others. Their foundation was based on faith. They were communistic and saw equality among the sexes. Shakers rejected domesticity in the sense of not having blood family and rather having family within the Shakers community (brothers and sisters). They would also abstain themselves from sexual relations also known as celibate. Lastly, Shakers didn't believe in marriage or procreation which led them to die out. -
Period: to
The Constitution
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Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance was the method of how Confederation Congress decided to settle and organize the western lands. New admissions for new states rejected slavery. Inhabitants were allowed the right to elect their local legislature only if their territory was made up by 5,000 people or more. They would then apply to Congress to become a state. This was one of the major accomplishments of the United States under the Articles of Confederation. -
Election of 1788
During the first few years under the new Constitution of the United States the first presidential election occurred. George Washington became the first President, he was chosen by everyone. The vise-president was who ever took second place, in this occasion it was John Adams. Both of them were on the same party: Federalist. George Washington led the Revolutionary Army. -
American Virtue
America wanted to have their own identity. They celebrated ideals of Republicanism. For example, style of Grease and Rome; going back to ancient times. They also wanted to involve everyday citizens by educating them and letting them know what was going on. During this time childhood education started to teach about how government worked. They also wanted educated citizens, by teaching them about republicanism and democracy. -
Period: to
The New Republic
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Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights was written by James Madison an anti-federalist. They guarantee individuals rights and liberty and it also limits the governments power in the way that they can not take them away. These are also the first ten amendment to the Constitution. -
Whiskey Rebellion
The cause of the Whiskey Rebellion was tariffs on Whiskey. Farmers were upset with the this because some couldn't afford whiskey again. Farmers in W. Pennsylvania and Kentucky refused to pay. In 1794 farmers assaulted federal tax collectors. Washington at the time was the President and himself was leading the army; they stopped the rebellion. This was the 1st national test under the constitution. Washington and federals showed that under the Constitution they had the power to enforce the law. -
Changes in Agriculture
New Farming techniques started to rise. The iron plow for example, was invented by Jethro Wood in June 25, 1797, which accelerated the development of American agriculture. This helped farmers plow larger areas of land. Another tool was the invention of the Cotton Gin by Eli Witney in March 14, 1794 a tool that reduced the labor of removing the seeds. Cotton growing increased their demand for both land and slave labor. -
Pickney's Treaty
The treaty was negotiated by Thomas Pinckney for the United States and Manuel de Gody for Spain.This gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river because both of them had claimed parts of it and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans since Spanish was suppressing US trade and commerce. This was a favorable trade with the Spanish. It also sets boundaries with Florida. Pinckney's Treaty established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. -
Election of 1796
George Washington didn't seek 3rd term. He was the one who started the tradition of Farewell Address. Washington urged Americans to avoid conflicts and he didn't want "permanent" alliances with other nations. He was ok with temporary only in "extraordinary emergencies". This Election was between John Adams, a Republican and Thomas Jefferson, a federalist. John Adams won by 71 to 68 electoral votes and Thomas Jefferson became Vice-President, despite being a different party than Adams. -
Southern Society
The southern white society was divided into three main social categories, Planter, Yeoman Farmers and Tenant Farmers. Planters were the "high" class, they owned plantations and were wealthy. They didn't own slaves and if they owned, they would have 1-9.They were the ruling class; in other words people looked up to them. 75% of Yeoman farmers did not own slaves. Generally Yeoman Farmers didn't get along with planters. Lastly the lower class was Tenant farmers. They were almost same as slaves. -
Period: to
Age of Jefferson
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Louisiana Purchase
In 1803 Jefferson purchased a territory from France that doubled the size of the Nation. He bought for less than 3 cents an acre. This territory was from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the West. The purchase caused chaos because some believed it was breaking the constitution. It also affected the US economically since they could use the Mississippi River and the Port of New Orleans freely. -
12th Amendment
The 12th amendment was proposed December 9, 1803; adopted June 15, 1804. This amendment changed the way the President and the Vise President were elected which is now known as the Electoral College. It will require separate ballots for Vice President and another for the President. In case of a tie, the House of Representatives (one vote per state) chooses the president and the Senate the vice president. -
Changes in Tranportation
Transportation became a major factor because before the industrial revolution there was time lag in almost everything, it would take weeks and sometimes months to get something somewhere. The Changes in Transportation made a dramatically change everywhere. Modern roads, steamboats, canals and railroads were made to facilitate and promote trade. The growth of transportation depended on the ability to transport raw materials and finished goods over long distances. -
War of 1812 (American Strategy)
The American used the musket as a weapon during the War of 1812. The American soldiers were volunteers with a bit of experience in the battle field and used personal weapons. Their strategy was to not win but to make the war a bit longer for the final hit. Their goal was to get the British tired. They attacked in small units to weak areas of Canada three times and the naval offensive was also a tactic for the Americans. -
Labor Changes
Industry mostly in the North changed form agricultural to industrial. The change in labor had a positive and negative effect. The positive was that Americans could afford more things. The negative side of it was that artisans went out of business and had to later look for jobs in factories. -
Period: to
The American Industrial Revolution
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Battle of New Orleans
Andrew Jackson decided to declare martial law that drafted civilians in order to protect the city. His army consisted of militia groups, slaves, free blacks, allied Indians and other. Due to slow communication this war was unnecessary to fight, because the treaty between Britain and the United States had already been signed. War was technically over when battle fought.This battle drew Andrew Jackson as a hero to the nation. -
Technological benefits of war of 1812
Some of the innovations created were the firearms, steam engines, mass production, cotton gin and more. The cotton gin was developed by Eli Whitney. This innovation removed the seeds from the cotton which made a slave job easier. This didn’t decrease slavery but in fact, increased slavery. This also helped with agricultural mass production. -
McCulloch v. Maryland
This was a debate between the federal authority and states powers. The state of Maryland couldn’t tax the bank since it was unconstitutional because that power belonged to the federal authority. This supreme court case was a landmark and it emphasized the strength of federal authority. Therefore, the states couldn’t take actions that federal government had the power over and the federal government has to use their own power without using the state's power. -
Panic of 1819
The panic of 1819 was horrifying and even worse than the Great Depression. Right after the war there was an economic boom but the bank system failed leading to the panic of 1819. People were forced out of their homes and farms, falling prices impaired agriculture and unemployment widespread which regions impacted. This panic was caused by state loans were given to those who were unable to repay which also made banks fail and depositors were wiped out in addition to everyone panicking. -
Temperance Movement
The Temperance movement was for people especially males to abstain from alcohol. Alcohol consumption was at all-time high; people drank all day. Drinking too much showed bad morals, there was also abuse from husbands to their wives and it would be the cause of crimes. Some states went ahead and banned alcohol completely. Women supported this movement dramatically because they were the most affected by alcohol. -
Period: to
Cultural Changes
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Missouri Comprimise
The Missouri Crisis, which was whether Missouri was going to be admitted as a slave state in the western territory, led to the Missouri Compromise. This set up a balance between slave and free states. The imaginary line at 36* 30* latitude divided the North and the South as slave or free state. States above this line were free and below were slave. However, this was a temporary solution over slavery. -
Education
Education during the Second Great Awakening formed modern education in the sense grades assigned. Textbooks and instructions began along with compulsorily attendance. This meant that attendance was required. The backslash is that it affected labor issues, children weren't any longer helping their parents in farms. Education only stopped the kids from making money. Catholic feared protestant education. And lastly, there was many new colleges affiliated with religion -
Mormons
People that attend to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, are known as Mormons. This Church was founded by Joseph Smith. He found golden tablets in 1823, and this were apparently a message from God and he was the only one who could read that ancient language. He then translated those tablets in English which he later published the book "Book of Mormon". Smith was regarded by his followers as a prophet. He however was killed after he was put in jail by mad anti-Mormon mob. -
Election of 1824
There was four main candidates going for presidency which were John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, William Crawford and Henry Clay. On December 1, 1824 Andrew Jackson won 99 electoral and 153, 544 popular votes while John Quincy Adams received 84 electoral votes and 108, 740 popular votes. So Adams is chosen. Jackson got angry and began what was called the corrupt Bargain followed Adams administration on his next reelection which was lost and Jackson receiving twice as much of electoral votes. -
Period: to
Age of Jackson
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Presidency of John Q. Adams
His presidency was from March 4, 1815 through March 4, 1829. He supported the role of federal government involved in projects and institution to improve society in general. His improvements were based on road, canal, harbors, bridges and other public work including a National University which were all “internal improvements". This included high tariffs and form a national currency which encouraged production. This was something beneficial for parts of the nations and not as a whole. -
Election of 1828
The candidates were Andrew Jackson and J.Q. Adams which Jackson won which he had been denied the presidency by the house of representatives but now had their full support. Which Andrew Jackson electoral votes were 178 and popular votes 508, 063 while john Quincy Adams was 83 electoral votes and 508,064 popular votes. What lead to Jackson success was his humble origins, military career, democratic values creating a modern democratic party. -
Campaign (1828)
During the campaign of 1828 was mostly based on personal attacks. They each attacked each other and it was first seen on and presidential election. For instance, Jackson’s wife Rachel was attacked they accused her of bigamist and said the Jackson he was unfit to hold the nations presidency. They accused Jackson of being a military tyrant. He wins overwhelmingly by being elected by the common man. -
Revivalism
Revivalism was the belief in the free will of choosing religion. This Movement bloomed after secularism occurred. There was mass religious meetings that featured emotional preaching. This period specified spiritual renewal in the of the Church. -
Indian Removal Act of 1830
This gave the federal government the power to exchange the native land from the east of the Mississippi for the land of the west. This territory is Oklahoma and was known as the “Indian territory”. This law required the government to negotiate removal treaties fairly and peacefully. This act was meant to be fair but the government frequently ignored the letter of the law and forced Native Americans to leave their lands with no further hesitation. -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Nat Turner was a slave that knew how to read and write. He interpreted the Bible that violence was the only option to stop slavery. In August 21, 1831 an eclipse took place and he saw this as a signal from God. Him and his followers were tired of being treated as property and being dehumanized. They ended up killing 55 white people women and children included. The results led to outlawing slaves from preaching, limiting the freed slaves privileges and Southern states passing the Slave Codes. -
Election of 1852
The candidates for this election was Jackson for the democratic party and Henry clay for the national republicans and William for the Anti-Masonic party. Their focus was the bank of the united states. Jackson overwhelmingly won against clay. His bank veto speech benefited him.He explained his vote, laid out vision of American democracy and appealed to the common men and also emphasized the courts were not the authority on constitution. Which this leads to Jackson victory on the election of 1832. -
Sam Houston
Sam Houston sent to Texas by president Jackson to negotiate with the local Indian. He was the appointed commander of the Texas army in 1835 and led them to the Battle of San Jancito. Santa Anna made two mistakes: he divided his forces and he had his army take a nap. Sam Houston surprised him and in less than 20 minutes he won the battle. Once Santa Anna was captured The Treaty of Velasco was signed and Texas became an independent nation and later became the President of the Republic of Texas -
Trail of Tears
In 1836 the federal government decided to remove the Cherokees from their land. Thousands did not survive their way to Oklahoma which was known as the Indian territory. After they were relocated and forced out of their land they were given the land as promised that it will forever remain Indian territory but it ended up being overtaken by the Americans making them smaller and smaller until there was no more Indian territory and Oklahoma became a state. -
Great Migration
The US wanted to expand and become a continental nation from to coast to coast. Jacksonian democracy believed in native american extinction and hoped for a white future in the West. Most Americans had left their homes in the East to the west in search of economic opportunity. Pioneers followed the Oregon Trail. This trip along the Oregon Trail wasn't easy for settlers heading west. It took 5 to 6 months to get to Oregon. This trail was 2000 miles from Missouri to Oregon miles long. -
Period: to
Westward Expansion
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Prisons
During the Second Great Awakening penitentiaries were used to put criminals in isolation. They isolated prisoners in pitch black so that they could reflect on what they had and so that they could correct themselves. Eastern State penitentiary opened in 1829 located in Pennsylvania. Prisons were getting overcrowded, and in many inmates were in really bad conditions. The mentally ill were confused with general population but several years later Asylums were created for them. -
The Change in Communication
Before the industrial revolution there was a limited ways to communicate with each other and some in which it was difficult to get across distances. The market revolution on Industry includes the Communication,. with the industrial revolution being away just a little News was quicker. The telegraph which was invented by Samuel Morse and printing is an example on how the communication methods changed. The telegraph was great when in battle, because it would send millions on messages from it. -
Election of 1844
The two candidates of this election were Henry Clay (Whig) against Tyler James k. Polk (democrat). Polk won this election. He served one term and he was known as "young Hickory". He had 3 main goals: annex Texas, settle Oregon border with Britain, and settle the Mexican border. He believed if he didn't achieve his goals he was going to be a failure. All of his goals had the concept of continental reach from coast to coast (manifest destiny). -
First Police Forces
The first forces were established in the 1830's and 1840's because tensions needed to be dealt with in the U.S. Police forces replaced the Night Watch System that was established out of volunteers.During this time police officers were employees not volunteers. Since urbanization started to increase there was more disruptions. The New York Police Force was created in 1845 -
Mormon Migration
The Mormons were founded by Smith who got arrested for promoting polygamy. He eventually got killed by a mob and Brigham Young took his place as president of the Mormons. The group moved from New York to Illinois, to Missouri and finally Utah to escape religious persecution on 1845. They relocated in Salt Lake Valley, Utah alone and way from discrimination and from the federal government. They had finally got somewhere to live to live in their own way. -
Wilmot Proviso
After the Mexican-American War many foresaw issues of slavery growing in new territories. Wilmot Proviso proposed a law to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico. This came to be a political firestorm. However, this was defeated in Congress by Southern senators, led by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. before it could become a law. Democrats and Whig later had to split into pro-slavery and free-soil factions. -
Election of 1848
The candidates of this election were Zachary Taylor (Whig), his campaign were pragmatic. Campaign in the north for Wilmot-Proviso and in the south as pro-slavery. Lewis Cass (Democratic). And Martin Van Buren (Free Soil), he supported Wilmot Proviso. Buren wanted to keep slavery where it already existed and resented southern influence in Democratic party. Zachary Taylor became the 12th president of the United States from March 1849 until his death in July 1850. -
Period: to
Sectionalism
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The Mexican-American War 1846-1848 was fought over the Mexican boarder. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war and it was signed on February 2, 1848. This settled the disputed border. And seized over half of Mexico's territory. Those who were Mexicanos and were in the land became United States Citizens. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was another event that satisfied Manifest Destiny. However later on this was a problem that involved slavery. -
Seneca Falls Convention
Seneca Falls Convention started the women's suffrage movement in America This event occurred in New York, which was the first women's rights convention in the United States. Elizabeth Cody Sarton and Lucretia Mott were women who were involve in the abolition and temperance movements. This convection was held with 300 men and women. The Declaration of Sentiments and resolutions was the blueprint of suffrage. This secured the rights in economics and voting. -
Harriet Tubman
Harriet Tubman helped 100,000 slaves freed bet ween 1830 and 1860. She had fled Slavery in 1849, leaving her family behind. However, she returned to the South several times to lead her family and the other 100,000 other slaves to freedom by being a conductor in the Underground Railroad. Abolitionists in the South and North along the way help slaves escape by keeping them hidden for several months and later would continue following Tubman, to Canada where they all became free. -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stoove wrote the book Uncle Tom's Cabin. In his book he tells the truth about what is going on in the South.It states how plantation owners treat slaves horrible and because of horrible work conditions slaves were terrorized and fragile. The South banned this book because it was seen as propaganda. This book boosted the groundwork for the Civil war and it helped to fuel the abolitionist cause in the 1850's. -
Fugitive Slave Act
The Fugitive Slave Act was part of the Compromise of 1950 . This created commissioners for returning slave. Fugitive slave had no right to trial. Whites could even be jailed and fined for refusing to help. Northerners were upset over this because they didn't have anything against slaves, they preferred to help slaves rather than to help catching them. -
Aunt Phill's Cabin
This was a book completely opposite of Uncle Tom's Cabin. The author were Seth and Mary Eastman. Their is book a plantation fiction novel. They tell the story of how slaves were "actually" treated. they describe the masters as happy and respectful to their slaves. And slaves also being happy with their masters as if they weren't mistreated. -
Industrialization in the North
Slaves were not needed for work in the North. They had factories in which were used to manufacture goods. Machines allowed for products to be done faster and in bigger quantities. They had some immigrants working for them. They made tools to facilitate work easier and faster. They also made some improvements to tools that had been already created. Steam engines were also a huge factor because everything would be transported faster to other places. -
South Agriculture
Plantations in the south were the main focus and the number one priority. Their society was based of agriculture. In the south industrialization was much slower in the developing stages than the North. They relied in slaves to get the job done. Cotton represented half of all of U.S exports, to the North and some overseas. The Cotton Gin increased the need of slaves but facilitated their labor because this machine removed the seed from the cotton. Cotton was considered the king in the south. -
Period: to
American Civil War
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Union Blockade
The union blockade the southern states through out the whole Civil War. This meant that they prevented any goods, troops, and weapons from entering the southern states. The Union thought that by doing this they could cause the economy of the confederate states to collapse. This however did affect the south because since they weren't really much industrialized they had trouble getting weapons and the north had the advantage of industrialization. -
Battle of Bull Run
This Battle was the first major battle of the civil war. The Union had 30,000 troop with the Army of the Potomac, marching south. This was a humiliating defeat for the Union because they had more troops and had more support in the sense that Lincoln was in their side. Both side thought the battle was going to be quick however, during the Civil it was proved that it was also an industrial war. -
Trent Affair
Navy Officer Charles s Wilkes, captured two confederated envoys aboard the British mail ship, the Trent. USS San Jancito intercepted RMS Trent and Britain wanted an apology from the United Sates since they were neutral. Lincoln then released confederate diplomats. He later sends U.S. diplomats and secures British and Frent neutrality. -
The Battle of Anitetam
The Battle of Antietam was between the Union and the Confederacy during the Civil War. This war took place near Sharpsburg, Maryland. General Robert E. Lee led the Southern foxes and General George McClellan led the Norther's forces. This resulted in Lincoln releasing his plan so that the Union could win the Civil War. His plan was putting the Emancipation Proclamation in progress. -
Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation was passed on January 1, 1863 by Abraham Lincoln to free the slaves of the Confederate states only. However for some states slaves would not be free until the Union was able to defeat the Confederacy and could only join the Union's side. The Emancipation Proclamation did eventually set millions of slaves free and this sort of like just the beginning of freeing literally all slaves. -
Bleeding Kansas
Bleeding Kansas involved anti-slavery and pro-slavery people. Pro-slavery vigilantes attack Lawrence Kansas. Abolitionists attack in Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas were five men are murder by the hands of John Brown and his followers. This continued from 1853-1856 and a total of 20 people died. Troops come in and stop it. Kansas therefore, is a territory until the issue was resolved. This event increased Tension in the North and in the South badly. -
Black Codes
Black codes were designed to restrict freed blacks activity from getting out of line with rebellions. They were to ensure their availability as labor force. Some In many states blacks were required to sign labor contract. and they had to work their full contract because if they tried to leave they would risk getting arrested as vagrants. -
Period: to
Reconstruction
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Appomattox Court House
Appomattox Courthouse was the official end of the Civil war. Siege at peters burg/ Richmond starve Lee's army and forced him to retreat. General Lee surrenders to General Grant on April 9, 1865. And all confederate forces surrender by late June Over 650,000 Americans died in this war; this has been the deadliest war in U.S. History -
Assasination
President Abraham Lincoln was shot on April 14, 1865 by Jon Wilkes Booth. He was the first president to be assassinated. He was attending a play called "Our American Cousin" at the Ford Theater in Washington D.C. When inside the theater got loud Booth entered President's Lincoln's box and shot him in the back of the head. Lincoln died the next day because head injuries were too severe. -
KKK
KKK is the abbreviation of The Ku Kluc Klan. They advocate white supremacy. This Klan was founded December 24, 1865. After the Civil war they emerge and suppress and victimize newly freed slaves. They would make poor whites feel like they weren't the bottom of the social ladder. They would punish blacks and supportive whites for challenging social order. -
Panic of 1873
The Panic of 1873 was caused by the production of too many railroads and factories being formed. Financial crisis. Many financing firms invested into the building of railroads like, Jay Cooke and Company financed the construction of the Northern Pacific Railway, this was suspended because Cooke was into bankruptcy. Many other major banks also collapsed following. Railroad construction was reduced, factories closed, businesses were ruined and unemployment was high. -
Mississippi Plan
On this date in 1875, The Mississippi Plan went into effect. Their state government was trying to prevent Black political participation using this Strategy. The Plan was devised by the Democratic Party to violently overthrow the Republican Party by organized violence in order to redeem the state of Mississippi. Since the 15th amendment had been passed blacks flooded the polls. Whites created terror for black and white republicans no to vote. Democrats win easily. -
Whiskey Ring Scandal
The Whiskey Ring Scandal in 1875 occurred during Grant's second presidential term in office at the end of the Reconstruction Era. It concerned a conspiracy of distillers to bribe government officials and to defraud the government of the excise taxes on liquor. Benjamin H. Bristow mounted a secret operation to bring the conspirators to justice; May 1875 suspects were arrested and distilleries were seized. This scandal affected the reputation of President Grant. -
Jim Crow
Jim Crow laws in the U,S enforced racial segregation in 1877 and towards the beginning of the civil rights movement. In the late 1870s the south no longer controlled freedmen and carpetbaggers. The law they passed stated that whites and blacks should be separated form one another in places like schools and public transportation's These Jim Crow Laws existed mainly for the south and were originated from the black codes. -
Compromise of 1877
This compromise marked he end of the reconstruction era in the South. It settled the 1876 dispute of the presidential election. This compromised had a secret deal that states that Rutherford Hayes would become the next presides and the Democratic party would regain political power in the southern government. In the end Hayes will be given all electoral votes and he is the one who agrees to end reconstruction. The republicans all agree for the south to remove all federal troops. -
Women at Work
Women during the war changed dramatically, it gave new roles in traditional male dominated positions, like teachers and nurses. Women began being nurses going to the battle field and helping their wounded ones. Clara Barton started the Re Cross to help wounded soldiers on both sides. Some women as worked as spies, they lived on one side but secretly supported the other side. Women started taking service jobs, like managing stores businesses and being in charge of their property.
