-
12,600 BCE
Bering Land Bridge
The Bering land bridge was a postulated route of a human migration from Asia to America. The bridge had a total of three waves with the first being 27,000 years ago, the second happened 8,000 years age, and the final wave 5,000 years ago. But, it was a dangerous travel in freezing temperatures and limited supplies only some made it across. There were other things that had gone across there like mastodons, mammoths, steppe bison and other ice age mammals. -
Period: 12,600 BCE to
Beginning to Exploration
-
1800 BCE
Maya
Mayans settled in the rain forests of the Yucatan Peninsula. They were known for their skilled workers, they could build palaces, temples and pyramids . Also for developing the writing system. Their cities were connected with roads and each city had its own ruling family and they never got along. -
1200 BCE
Aztec
Aztecs were settled in the valley of Mexico. They adapted quickly to their environment; soon they began to conquer other tribes by forcing them to pay. They received a lot of hate was because they believed in human sacrifice. Eventually, the Spanish took over the region by defeating the Aztecs with their guns, horses and diseases. -
400 BCE
Olmecs
Olmec's settled in a tropical lowlands of South-Central Mexico. They were the first civilization to evolve Mesoamerica. They built large religious emblems of their gods and rulers. The practiced their religion by sacrificing, cave rituals, and pilgrimages. Also, they grew variety of foods as beans, sweet potatoes, squash, and tomatoes. -
44 BCE
Rome
Rome was a powerful empire they wanted other countries to follow the Roman life.The Roman empire expanded and trying to maintain peace, law, and order so, they created the twelve tables it established citizen rules and it also gave discipline to those that broke the law.The empire it couldn't keep up with the expansion and disagreement with religion so it divided between east and west.In 476 C.E. the Byzantine Empire defeated the last Roman emperors in the west by Germanic leader Odoacer. -
1346
The Black Death
Started in Asia but, trading ship brought the disease to Europe the rats on the ships carried it but, the fleas on the rats would go on humans.It took 3 to 5 days the person will start to get ill and another 3 to 5 days for the person to die.Symptoms were swollen lymph nodes, chills, fever, weakness, abdominal pain, chest pain, shortness of breath, and nausea.After 7 years, 25 million people died to the disease they would be put in a mass burial or left on the streets while others were buried. -
English Colonization
England was late to colonized because of navigation skills and problems with the dynastic and pricing. Walter Raleigh was settled in present day North Carolina but, it was a lost colony and Humphrey Gilbert with New found land but, it couldn't last. In 1607 Jamestown was the first established colony for England. Later more colonies settled the one of the most famous is Plymouth in 1620. Their strategies were to push natives away from settlements, no interaction and other rules. -
Chesapeake Colonies
Chesapeake colonies location was in Maryland and Virginia in the British America and Chesapeake Bay. The colonies were wealthy from growing tobacco. Also they consist of large plantations and a little urban development. The religion was Puritans,Quakers and Catholics which made the main part of the population. Death rate was high in the Chesapeake colonies because of disease. -
Period: to
English Colonial Societies
-
The Headright System
The Headright System was created in 1618 in Jamestown,VA. It was a way to attract new settlers to the region and address the labor shortage. People received 50 acres of land but, only to the people who paid to get to Virginia.Tobacco was popular with the colonists, so more people were needed to work it. Headright system led to establishing a large plantains for different cash crops. It also was a expansion of the 13 colonies. -
Anne Hutchinson
Born on July 1561 in Alford Lincolnshire, England. She was one of the early colonists of Massachusetts and Rhode Island colonies. She joined congregation of John Cotton but, eventually they came together due to different ideas and wish to allow freedom of thought. Later she was arrested and placed into custody at house of marshal.She was also violating the fifth commandment and the court found her guilty of free thinking and she was sentenced to punishment/ death. -
Roger Williams
Born in 1603 London, England. After leaving Cambridge he became a minister. As time passed his views on religion changed to separating the Church of England. He believed that individuals should have total religious freedom and the government should separate from religion. Massachusetts saw this as a threat so they ordered for Williams to be expelled from the colony for spreading dangerous opinions. His followers followed him and they established city of Providence. -
John Winthrop
John Winthrop was known for his leadership and first to govern the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Born on January 12, 1587 in Edwardstone Suffolk, England. He led a group of Puritans from England and one of the chief founders of New England. He was a English lawyer and was involved in developing the Cambridge Agreement. He planned to develop a religion base government. -
Triangular Trade
Trading system of general goods in the 16th-18th century between Europe, Africa, and America. Slaves were traded and resulted in death because of disease, starvation and injuries. Diseases were caused by poor conditions during the middle passage. American traders shipped England raw materials as in cotton, tobacco, coffee and sugar. -
Caribbean Colonies
Spanish colonists in the Caribbean have hoped to grow rich by finding gold so natives were put to work as slaves in the mines. There was a limited supply of gold in the western Caribbean. Meanwhile the English and French settled on the east side relying on agriculture. They only wanted to grow tobacco in small holdings but, soon the profitable produce was sugar, growing on large estates and cultivated by slave labour. -
Sir Isaac Newton
Born on January 1, 1643 in Woolsthorpe, England. He is known for his work on gravity and defining three laws of motion and universal gravitation and invented the reflecting telescope. He studied many classic philosophers and astronomers. There are people are saying that influenced of gravity when he saw an apple fall from a tree. -
John Locke
Born on August 29,1632 in Wrington, United Kingdom. He grew up in with the supporters of the king and parliament. He was a English philosopher and political theorist. He believed human are born with certain ideas. He was important to writers of the Declaration of Independence and Constitution for example, he said that people had basic right: right to life, own property, and revolt against unfair governments. -
Salem Witch Trials
A group of young girls in Salem village, MA had claimed to be possess by the devil and accused local women of witchcraft.People started to believe there was witchcraft; a special court in Salem was for the hearing of the cases.First convicted witch was Bridget Bishop and later hanged in June.This lead to 150 accused men,women and kids also,18 people were hanged over the months.September people turned against the trials and MA general court later apologized to the families of the accused witches. -
Period: to
Colonial America to 1763
-
Benjamin Franklin
He was a statesman and inventor. Known for being one of the founding fathers of the United States.He was skillful in science, inventing, politics and writing. He was 1 out of 5 members of the Declaration of Independence and influence on it. He was Ambassador to France he helped out with the Treaty of Paris which got French armies to side with Americans and helped to turn the war. He influenced the invention of the lighting rod. -
The Great Awakening
During the 17th and 18th centuries there was a religious revival in the North American British colonies. Many colonist found new meaning in religion. The Great Awakening had strong influence on colonial and U.S. religion, culture and politics. It sparked by tour of a English Evangelical minister. -
French and Indian War
Britain wanted to settle in the Ohio river valley and trade with Native Americans who lived there.The French had built forts to protect their trade with the Indians.1754 George Washington led a army against France but, was defeated. Britain declared war on France and most Indians liked the French because they traded and not settle on the land.In 1763 Britain and France ended the war and signed the Treaty of Paris.France gave Britain control of Canada and most land east of the Mississippi river. -
Period: to
The Revolutionary War 1763-1783
-
The Stamp Act
Was a tax put on American colonies by the British they had to pay tax on all sorts of printed materials. During the Seven Year War, British government thought that colonies should help pay for the British troops. Taxes on The Stamp Act had to be paid with only British money the wouldn't take colonial money. -
The Townshend Act
This placed taxes on glass,paint,oil,lead,paper,and tea it was a series of taxes and laws imposed on colonist. Passed by English Parliament shortly after repeal of the Stamp Act. Overall, Americans weren't against the taxes, they wanted to pay local government where they were represented. -
Boston Massacre
Britain sent troops to America to maintain order. Colonists thought that the redcoats were invaders for coming to America so they started to name call, spit at them and fight. Colonists in Boston had gained control and prevented the soldiers from their duties. There was a large crowd and taunting the soldiers so captain Preston ordered not to fire. The commotion prevented so soldiers from not hearing the order and opened fire on the crowd killing 3 men immediately and 2 who died later. -
Boston Tea Party
American colonial didn't agree with the taxes from Britain so they protested against the taxation's. In Charleston,New York and Philadelphia rejected the tea shipments, and merchants in Boston refused to grant Patriot pressure. The night of December 16, 1773 the Sons of Liberty boarded 3 ships in Boston harbor and threw 342 chests of tea overboard. -
Coercive Act
Is also known as the Intolerable Act was a series of laws that the British Parliament passed in 1774. Four acts were issued for the response of the Boston Tea Party. Britain thought the acts would have maintain control in America but, it had an opposite effect causing people to join the rebels. People felt the acts took away some of their freedom. -
Thomas Paine
Born on January 29,1737 in Theftfor Norfolk, Great Britain. He was one of the founding fathers and the author of the Common Sense. From his writing many people decided to become patriots after reading the Common Sense pamphlet. He almost died on his first trip to America due to typhoid fever. -
The Declaration of Independence
Written by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by Second Continental Congress.Starts with on why colonies have overthrown their ruler and chosen their place as a separate nation.How all men are equal and unalienable rights that the governments should have never violated. and the government failed to protect the rights. People had overthrow the government because of trivial reasons.The colonial governments tried a peaceful approach but, were ignored so they declared independence from Great Britain. -
Massachusetts
By John Adams.The Massachusetts Constitution contains three parts:Preamble,Declaration of the Rights, and The Frame of Government.Preamble represents the purpose of government for the common good.The Declaration of Rights was set for individual rights including, no unreasonable search and seizure, ex post facto laws, and public taking private property without repayment.The Frame of Government shows a government of separate powers comprised of three branches:executive, legislature, and judiciary. -
Enlightenment Ideals
European politics,philosophy,science and communications were reoriented as a part of a movement. Some Europeans questioned the traditional authority and embraced notion that humanity could be improved through change.It produced books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions. -
Period: to
The Constitution
-
Articles of Confederation
First written constitution of the United States. Stemming from wartime urgency, progress was slow because of fear of central authority and extensive land. Benjamin Franklin wrote the first and presented it to Congress it wasn't formally considered. Until John Dickinson revision provided the basis and was approved by Congress. Required each state to extend full faith and credit to the judicial proceedings. Movement across state lines was not to be restricted. -
Northwest Ordinance
Land agreement that created the Northwest Territory and was a act of Congress under the Articles of Confederation. A way to divide and govern the Northwest Territory. Enabled the United States to expand into the Great Lakes region. Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin were created from the Northwest Territory. Eventually it adopted the Constitution. -
Shay's Rebellion
A series of protests in 1786 and 1787. Rebellion was led by Daniel Shay a revolutionary war veteran and farmer living in Massachusetts. 4,000 people were in this event. Shay's Rebellion started because rural population believed richer merchants population was imposing a unfair economic terms. Shay and other soldiers began to protest against the unfair terms when realized none could pay. -
Virginia Plan
Written by James Madison. It represented the desires of larger states and the number of representatives to Congress should be based on state's population. Made a impact since it proposed strong central government from the 3 branches ( legislative, executive, and judicial). Also a proposal by Virginia delegates for legislative branch. Document is essential because created idea of representation. -
New Jersey Plan
Written by William Paterson. It represented smaller states and each state should have the same number of representatives. One option on how the United States would be governed it called for each state to have one vote in Congress instead of number of votes based on population. Virginia plan advocated two legislative houses which membership would be based on population. -
Federalists
Supported more centralized government and saw need for have some power over the states if the country was going to be together. Federalists felt that the Constitution open for interpretation and believed that the Constitution gave central government too much power. Some federalists were Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton and George Washington. Federalist wanted a stronger government and executive branch. -
George Washington
Was the first president of the United States for 1789-1797. He led the Continental Army to victory over the British in American Revolution.While president he helped to define what a role of the president. Also during this time he helped build and guide the formation of a actual U.S. government from the words of Constitution. -
Period: to
New Republic
-
Second Great Awakening
Protestant religious revival in early 19th century. It led the establishment of reform movements to address injustices and reduce suffering like the Temperance Movement, Women's suffrage movement and abolitionist movement. After a half a century from the First Great Awakening and consisted of renew personal salvation. -
Bill of Rights
The first 10 amendments are in the United States Constitution. Idea was to insure freedom and rights to citizens. Put limits on the government could control and what to do. In the Bill of Rights it includes freedom of speech, religion and assembly, right to speedy trial, prohibits excessive bail, fines and cruel and unusual punishments -
Bank of the United States
Proposed by Alexander Hamilton.Was to serve as a repository for federal funds and as governments fiscal agent.It was granted a 20 year charter by Congress despite of Jefferson represented dominance of mercantile over agrarian interest and use of unconstitutional federal power.Well manged and profitable but, cause friction of entrepreneurs and state banks others were unsettled by that two thirds of bank stock is held by the British. Agrarian rival of the bank succeeded of shutting down the bank. -
Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney was the inventor of the cotton gin because of this changed history in the South. Helped southern plantation owners to become rich off of the cotton crops so this created a higher demand of slaves. Since the seeds had to be removed by hand, many plantation owners in South had stopped growing cotton. The cotton gin cleaned more cotton in a few hours than a number of workers could have in a day. Cotton gin's impact on slavery led to the Civil War. -
Jay's Treaty
Negotiated by the Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay and it was between the United States and Great Britain. The treaty had angered many people in the Democratic Republican party. One problem that was resulted was Jay had pressed but, couldn't get Britain to agree with ending the impressment of soldiers. -
John Adams
Adams was the 2nd President of the United States. He was one of the founding fathers and fought for American independence also had believed that colonies were being treated unfairly and wanted independence from Britain. Adams was vice president for George Washington and barely won from going against Thomas Jefferson when Washington had stepped down from being President. Adams main goal was to accomplish on keeping the United States out of war with France -
Iron Plow
Invented by Jethro Wood. The invention accelerated the development of American agriculture in antebellum period. Extremely useful in farming it helped prepare soil for growing plants before animals would loosen up the soil. Tried to to improve the plow but, later John Deere will improve it after Wood died. -
Marbury v. Madison
The Supreme Court announced for the 1st time the principle of court declare act of Congress if irregular with the Constitution.William Marbury appointed justice of the peace for District of Columbia.James Madison refused to deliver Marbury commission he petition a writ of mandamus compelling of the delivery of commissions.Chief Justice John Marshall denied petition and refused to issue the writ. Immediate decision was to deny power to the Court and clearly province and duty judicial department. -
Embargo Act
A law passed by Congress and signed by President Thomas Jefferson. This stopped all ships from trading between America and any other country. This was to get Britain and France to stop restricting American trade. The Act had people suffering it stopped in 1809. The effect on us today was from the Embargo Act from agriculture prices and earnings falling. -
John Calhoun
A candidate for the presidency in 1824 election since Electoral College elected him for vice president. He served John Quincy Adams and continued under Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay and Calhoun was working out the Compromise Tariff. In 1817 he was secretary of war under President James Monroe.He resigned from vice president and was elected for senator from South Carolina. -
War of 1812
Fought between the United States and United Kingdom. France and armies of Napoleon placed a trade restriction on the United States.The United Kingdom supported Native American tribes in effort to prevent the United States from expanding west. James Madison was president during the war. -
Francis Scott Key
Key was a lawyer, poet and the author of the Star Spangled Banner. He witnessed 24 hours of bombardment at Fort McHenry from British troop ships. He boarded a British ship to negotiate a release of a American civilian. He wrote a poem about the experience which was published. -
Battle of New Orleans
Final major battle of War of 1812. British attacked New Orleans hoping to take control of the port city.British held off and were defeated by the U.S. which was led by Andrew Jackson. Jackson led small, poorly equipped force in Battle of New Orleans but, wanted to protect New Orleans. In the end U.S. won and forced Britain out of Louisiana. -
Period: to
The American Industrial Revolution
-
Panic of 1819
After the War of 1812 the U.S. economic expansion ended. Banks in the country started to fail; mortgages had foreclosed, forcing people out of their homes and farms. Prices were falling due to impaired agriculture and manufacturing and this led to a widespread of unemployment. All of the country was impacted and until 1824. -
Temperance Movement
The temperance movement was to stop people from drinking alcohol. This was made because people felt this would cause destruction of families. During World War I, President Woodrow Wilson had put an end to manufacture alcoholic drinks for the order to ration grain for food. This had a lot of momentum and 18th Amendment was ratified. -
Joseph Smith
American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and Latter Day Saint movement. Mormons were formed in New York. However Mormons were persecuted where they event. Joseph was killed in 1884 by a angry mob in Illinois so, the Mormons decided they needed a new place to live. Utah they chosen because few people were living there. By the time of Joseph's death he attracted tens of thousands of follwers -
Period: to
Cultural Changes
-
Stephen F. Austin
Austin was called "Father of Texas" because he brought more than 300 families to Texas before it was an American state and is the founder of Texas. He led the second successful colonization of the region by urging these people to revolt against Mexican rule and served as secretary of state of the Republic of Texas. He established the first Anglo-American colony in the Tejas province of Mexico and saw it grow into an independent Republic. -
Period: to
Age of Jackson
-
Architecture
After the War of 1812 Greek revival started to come back and it was expanding westward in America. American chose Greece because it was the birthplace of democracy. It would be style on nation's churches,banks,town halls and houses. The style was white paint and marble details were bold but, simple molding. Heavy cornices,gables with pediments and unadorned friezes were typical during this time -
Election of 1828
Was a rematch between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. In the beginning Adams was accused of misusing public funds and murder for executing militia deserters and adultery. With all the accusations against Adams Andrew Jackson won on popular vote. -
John Quincy Adams
The 6th president of the United States. He was a son of Founding Father and 2nd President of the United States, John Adams. Adams won the vote in the House but, people were angry so they said that he won cause due to corruption. Few years after becoming president he was elected to the House of Representatives. He's the only president to become Congressman after serving as president. -
Railroads
Railroads were a big factor in the first civil war. This helped increase safety and efficiency for coal mines since coal mines were extremely dangerous. Also made transportation easier, delivered foods, and manufactured goods. It brought down the prices of food but, population increased since food was available in a large variety. -
Net turner's Rebellion
Nat Turner was a slave that led a rebellion.Turner became a fiery preacher and leader; he believed in the signs and voices convince him to rebel. He enlisted 4 slaves in the area and on August d21, 1831 he and 6 other slaves killed the Travis family and got guns,horses and 75 more slaves as it resulted in 51 white people dead. This spread terror in the South with prohibiting education,movement and assembly of slaves.He was found 6 weeks later and was hanged with 16 followers of the rebellion. -
Nullification Crisis
A struggle between some states and Andrew Jackson. States didn't want to pay the protective tariff that Jackson wanted and states claimed to nullify. Meaning states didn't have to pay the tariff. It meant that states would have the authority over federal government in basic economic matter.States withdrew their objection to the tariff because of the compromise bill was introduced. -
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Born in 1803, Boston, Massachusetts.In 1833 after his trip to Europe Emerson began to lecture on topics about spiritual experience and ethical living.In the 1830's Emerson gave lectures he afterward published essay form.He was a central figure of literary and philosophical group.This was about writers shared key belief that a individual could transcend ,physical world of senses into a deeper spiritual experience through free will and intuition.He found and co-edited literary magazine The Dial. -
Davy Crockett
Davy Crockett was a frontiersman, folk hero, congressman and Alamo defender. Born in 1786 in a pioneer family. Crockett was a natural leader he advanced from justice of the peace to a 2 term in Tennessee legislature. He went to Texas to look for land to settle and controversy surrounds why he went to the Alamo. He was there defending it but, died when it fell He wasn't good in Congress most legislation he favored failed. -
Oregon Trail
It was one the overland migration routes in the North America. The trail branched off toward Utah and California. Trader and fur trappers laid down and could be traveled on horseback or on foot. People used it to search for gold or land to farm. They were motivated by difficult economic times and diseases. -
Sam Houston
Houston was known for being the leader of the Texas Revolution. He was a politician and governor of Texas. He also fought in the War of 1812. After the war he worked for the government in Tennessee. Houston was also elected the first President of Texas in 1836. He helped Texas become part of the United States. He also served as a U.S. Senator from Texas and then Governor of Texas. -
Battle of San Jacinto
Was a battle of the Texas Revolution. It was led by general Sam Houston. The army defeated general Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's Mexican army in a 18 minute fight.The casualties were 630 Mexicans killed and 730 taken to prison. Only nine out of ten Texans were killed or wounded. The public and private treaties of Velasco were signed by David G. Burnet and Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna during the Battle of San Jacinto -
Henry Clay
Secretary of State by President John Quincy Adams. He was a Whig leader known for his efforts to keep U.S. as one nation despite the controversy among slaves. Also was apart of establishing the American System which was to strengthen and unify the nation. Clay was a unsuccessful candidate in three elections. -
Battle of Gettysburg
Gettysburg was a 3 day event in near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was one of the most important battles of the Civil War for the North. Robert E. Lee had invaded the North and was trying to defeat the Union Army. However, the Union Army held him off and sent him retreating. On the first day, the confederates outnumbered the Union the first day. By the second, the armies from both sides were now at full force.This was a major turning point in the war. -
Panic of 1837
A financial and economic conditions in the nation. Changing the banking system effectively dried up credit. Other causes were failure of wheat crop, financial crisis and restrictive lending policies. President Martin Van Buren was blamed and proposed the system for retaining government funds. -
Martin Van Buren
Was the 8th president. He rose quickly in New York politics wining a U.S. Senate seat and sophisticated state political organization. When Buren was president he was faced by financial panic that spread through the nation. In 1840 and 1844 he ran again for president but was unsuccessful. -
Frederick Douglas
Was a former slave that became a ad visor for the presidents. He was a abolitionist, civil right activist and writer. In Massachusetts Douglas met people who were against slavery. He spoke out and believed in equal rights and supported the women's right to vote. When the Civil War was going on Douglas fought for right's of black soldiers. President Lincoln and him got along since he believed in equal pay and treatment. -
Lowell Mills
One of the first factories to hire women preferably single women and known as "mills girls" or "Lowell girls". Women took a opportunity to get away from the farm and make money for themselves. They lived in large boarding houses since they worked long hours and were in rooms that were crowded. Lowell women wrote articles, poems and stories. -
Period: to
Westward Expansion
-
Telegraph
Invented by Samuel F.B Morse with assistance from Ezra Cornell they created the telegraph. To use the telegraph a person who knew how to decipher a signal from a high tower and then send it to the next station and it was used to communicate for long distance. Also, he created the Morse Code by uses a little plate with the telegraph and long and short bars representing the alphabet and numbers. -
Annexation of Texas
The Texas border dispute with Mexico quickly led to the Mexican-American War. A treaty to annex Texas was submitted to the Senate in April 22, 1844.United States Congress passed a Joint Resolution for Annexing Texas to the United States and Texas was subsequently admitted it to the Union as the 28th state. -
Working Class Neighborhoods
People from the countryside moved to the cities and factory towns to make more money and wanted to get up in the world.But, people saw the reality it was working 12 or 14 hours for 6 days a week.Families crowed into a one room cheap and damp house that was back to back.Neighborhoods were dirty people threw waste into streets or courtyards.40 houses shared 6 toilets and fresh water,sunlight,place for families and open air were hard to get.People constantly getting sick and diseases killed many. -
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Born in 1815. Elizabeth was a suffragist and civil rights activist. Involved in abolitionist movement and helped organize the world's first women's rights convention in 1848 and formed National Women's Loyal League with Susan B. Anthony in 1863. In 1870 they created the National Women Suffrage Association. Stanton became an marginalized voice among women reformers. -
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Ended the Mexican-American War in favor of the United States. The war had begun, in 1846, over a territorial dispute over Texas. The treaty added an additional 525,000 square miles to United States territory, including the land that makes up all or parts of present-day Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. Mexico also gave up all claims to Texas and recognized the Rio Grande as America’s southern boundary. -
Election of 1848
Was between Zachary Taylor the Whig party and Lewis Cass the Democratic party. The Whigs campaign against legacy of Andrew Jackson and corrupt spoils system. Martin Van Buren was a candidate of the Free Soil Party. Zachary Taylor won easily. -
California Gold Rush
Took place between 1848 to 1855. over 300,000 people rushed to California to find gold. Gold was first discovered in California by James Marshall. Miner had a mining pan, shovel and a pick for mining. If gold was discovered in a new place, miners would move in and make camps this would be called Boomtowns. And if a new place is found they turned into ghost towns. -
Period: to
Sectionalism
-
Zachary Taylor
He had a long military career and victories in the Mexican-American War. He was 12th president of United States. In the War of 1812, he defended Fort Harrison. He commanded U.S. forces in several battles in the Mexican War. He was nominated by Whig party and many Southerns voted for him since he was a fellow slave owner.and Northerners voted for him because he was a war hero. -
Harriet Tubman
As a leader in the underground railroad, she was a nurse and civil rights activist. Harriett escaped in 1849 risking her life and freedom to help others. Since the Fugitive Slave Act was passed, it became harder for slaves to escape but Harriet still decided to help others escape even if she risks her life. She became a famous underground railroad conductor. She also helped during the Civil War and nurse injured soldiers. She also spoke out on equal rights for blacks and women. -
Fugitive Slave Acts
Was a federal laws that allowed the capture and return of runaway slaves within territory of the United States. Also authorized local governments to seize and return escaped slaves to their owners and imposed penalties on anyone who aided in their flight even to harsher punishment. but, 1864 was repealed by Congress -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
It was a bestseller in 19th century. Shows how life in the South was. Convince the audience that slavery is an evil institution and must be destroyed. The novel had a profound effect on the American public by aggravating the tensions between the North and South that led to the Civil War. -
Abraham Lincoln
The 16th president.he won the election of 1860. He led the country during the Civil War. His leadership in the North helped the country stay strong and defeat the South keeping the country united. He also believed in the freedom for slaves throughout the nation. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation to free slaves in the South -
Southern Societies
Large planters were the wealthiest class in America they owned 50+ slaves.Planters owned between 20-49 slaves and provided political leaders and controlled much of the wealth.Small slaveholders owned fewer than 20 slaves and were mainly farmers and some were merchants.Yeoman farmers owned a small pieces of land and produced enough food for their family and didn't own slaves or land so they went to poor lands.Slaves worked on plantations and farms while others were in very hard physical labor. -
Election of 1860
Slavery was the major issue in the election. Lincoln represented the Republican party and didn't want slavery to spread even more, promised tariffs protected industry would be imposed and supported law granting free homesteads in the west for settlers. John Cabell Breckinridge was Southern Democratic. Lincoln won the election -
Robert E. Lee
Was a military officer in the U.S. army, a West Point commandant and a general of the Confederate Army during the Civil War. He also led the Army of Northern Virginia . Lee and his army had great success during Peninsula Campaign, Second Bull Run, Fredericksburg and the bloody Battle of Chancellorsville. Lee invaded the North and were defeated and continued battling Union General Ulysses S. Grant in many clashes. Finally Lee surrenders at the Appomattox Court House. -
Period: to
The Civil War
-
Conscription Act
Passed by Congress and produced the first wartime draft of U.S. citizens in American history. A registration of all males between the ages of 18 and 35 to be drafted into military service and were liable for three year term of service. The confederacy was the first to enact mandatory military service therefore a draft was needed since there was poor planning of the confederate government. -
Wade-Davis Bill
The bill proposed of the Reconstruction of the South written by senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio and Representative Henry Winter Davis of Maryland.It required that 50 percent of a state's white males take a loyalty oath to be readmitted to the Union and national and congressional power. -
Assassination
John Wilkes Booth and his collaborators decided to assassinate the President, Vice President and Secretary of State at the Ford's theater.In the middle of the play Booth slipped into the President's box, holding a dagger in his left hand and pistol in his right. He fired the pistol six inches from Lincoln head and slashed Rathbone arm.Booth then vaulted over the front of the President's box, caught his right leg in a flag and landed on the stage breaking his leg. Lincoln died the next morning. -
13th Amendment
Made slavery illegal in the United States and was adopted as part of the Constitution. But, still allows for slavery as a punishment for a crime and allows for people to be prosecuted for forcing someone to work against their free will. The amendment was created because the president and fellow Republicans knew that the Emancipation Proclamation might be viewed as a temporary war and not outlaw slavery once the Civil War ended. -
Freedman's Bureau
Congress to help former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the U.S. Civil War it left many communities in ruins and destroyed the South’s plantation economy.Freedmen’s Bureau provided food, housing and medical aid, established schools and offered legal assistance. But, prevented from fully carrying out its programs due to a shortage of funds and personnel, along with the politics of race and Reconstruction. It was shut down in 1872. -
Period: to
Reconstruction
-
White Resistance
Many whites resent the new Black rights. Made poor whites feel like they weren't the bottom of the social ladder. Also, they punished blacks and supportive whites for challenging social order. Two major white resistance are White Brotherhood and the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Grant tries to stop suppression with the Enforcement Acts. -
14th Amendment
Address citizenship right and equal protection of the laws and was proposed in response to insures related to former slaves after the American Civil War. It granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, which included former slaves recently freed after the civil war. Provides that no state shall deny to any person its jurisdiction -
15th Amendment
United States Constitution prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Granted African American men right to vote. -
Ulysses S Grant
The 18th president. Lead general of the Union troops of Tennessee during the Civil War.He easily won the election in 1868. He claimed early victories at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson. After winning Shiloh and Vicksburg, Grant was promoted by president Lincoln to lead the Union Army. He also led the Army of the Potomac into many battles against Confederate leader General Robert E. Lee. -
Clara Barton
Founder of the American Red Cross. She fought for the rights of women to be treated equally in a work place since she got fired at one point. Supposedly she even got Abraham Lincoln on her side. Clara and her sister traveled from battle to battle in order to care for the soldiers health. She became known as the "Angel of the Battlefield" since many soldiers were comforted by her presence. -
Jim Crow
Were laws in the South based on race. It enforced segregation between white people and black people in public places and made it hard to vote for black people.
