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Period: 1300 to
Beginnings of Exploration
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Oct 1, 1348
The Black Death
The Black Death was an epidemic of Bubonic Plague. The Bubonic Plague made its way to Europe when 12 Genoese trading ships docked at the Sicilian port of Messina. The Black Death was able to spread throughout Europe in various ways. One being fleas on rats and another being the European population not caring so much about their sanitation. Because of these factors, the plague was able to last for several months which killed about 2/3's of the population. The Black Death eventually ended in 1350. -
Jan 1, 1350
The Renaissance
The Renaissance was a period in European history following the Middle Ages which was a Great Revival of learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome. Many people were able to come up with new literature and astronomy. one of the biggest thing in the Renaissance would be many famous art pieces created during that time. Even with all of these big achievements, one of the biggest would probably be the Printing Press which helped people create more copies of texts more efficiently. -
1492
The Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange was a period in time where culture and biological goods were exchanged between the Old World and the New World. Throughout these trades, new technology would be brought to the New World. For example, farm tool, weapons, and architecture. Animals and plants were also very big in the Columbian Exchange as well. Some of these animals were pigs, horses, and sheep. Finally the worst thing brought to the New World would be diseases which wiped out many civilizations. -
Aug 3, 1492
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus was born on August 26, 1451. As a young kid, he was very talented in navigation, but was horrible at making friends . As an adult, he used his talent of navigation to find a "faster" way to Asia by traveling West. On this trip, he accidentally discovered a new continent. After this discovery, he went on 3 more trips until he eventually died not knowing that he found a new continent. But through this discovery, many other countries were able to profit out of it. -
Jun 7, 1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
The Treaty of Tordesillas was an agreement between Spain and Portugal to settle their conflicts over the new land Christopher Columbus and many other people have explored. The Treaty was set by Pope Alexander VI which said that there would be an imaginary line in South America and Spain would get the rights to the newly discovered land while the Portuguese had to stay to the right of the line. Both sides were not allowed to go onto any territory that is already taken by the Christian Ruler. -
Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther
Martin Luther was born on November 10 1483 in the town of Eisleben. As a child, he attend many school and got a bachelors in arts. On his way home one day, he was stuck in a thunderstorm and vowed to be a monk if he were to survive. Miraculously, he survived and studied to become a monk. He then became a priest and wrote many pieces about the Catholic Church which would then spark the Protestant Reformation. Through his works, he was able to be one of the most influential figures in religion. -
Roanoke
Roanoke was a settlement with 115 English people who arrived on Roanoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina. John White, who was their governor decided to sail back to England to get fresh supplies. When he got to England, he was surprised with a naval war against Spain which then took him 3 years to get back to Roanoke. When he got back, he discovered that the settlement had been abandoned with no signs of people there except for a carving on a tree reading "Coatoan". -
Roger Williams
Roger Williams was born on December 21, 1603. In Colonial America, he was a politician and a religious leader and would be the founder of Rhode Island. Rhode Island would be a haven for Baptists, Quakers, Jews, and other religions because they believed in religious freedom. About 100 years about his death, he would still be an impact to the United States with his notion of separation between the church and state which inspired the founders to put it in the U.S Constitution and Bill of Rights. -
Period: to
English Colonial Societies
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Jamestown
On May 5, 1607, The Virginia Company of England would set sail to a mysterious land, call it Virginia after Queen Elizabeth I, and begin a settlement called Jamestown. The people who settled Jamestown were not very prepared for the harsh environment and many would die due to starvation. Their leader John Smith would save their colony by maintaining peace with the Indians. The Indians would then teach the colonists how to grow food in the harsh environment and they were then able to survive. -
William Penn
William Penn was born on October 14, 1644 into a wealthy English family. As a child, he was educated in Oxford and Cambridge and would be the founder of the Pennsylvania Colony. In Pennsylvania, he would promote being a Quaker which were a group of religious people who believed that everyone possessed and "inner light" and everyone was equal. Because of this, William allowed women to participate fully in religious services and accepted many religions who would live in his colony. -
Navigational Acts
The Navigational Acts were placed to primarily attach the Dutch. The acts were placed to only allow the Colonies to trade with England and goods were only allowed to go through colonial or English vessels. This resulted in the Anglo-Dutch War in 1652, but it had little affect. The acts would continue and enumerated sugar, tobacco, cotton, etc. This would would create serious problems to North Carolina planters and would be a cause of the colonies wanting political freedom. -
Bacon's Rebellion
Bacon's Rebellion was the first rebellion against the American Colonies. Nathaniel Bacon who was the leader would lead a group of discontented frontiersmen in an armed rebellion. The cause of their rebellion would be because of Governor William Berkeley's refusal to retaliate for the constant attacks of Indians on the frontier settlement. This resulted in the men attack the Indians, chasing Berkeley from Jamestown, and torching the capital. -
Sir Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643 and would be one of the most influential scientist in the world. As a child, he would study on many sciences and would attend Cambridge where he discovered the science of Gravity. His works on gravity and many other discoveries during his lifetime would be important in the Enlightenment era. Because of all of his discoveries, he was the first scientist to be "knighted" which was a great honor in England and "Sir" would come before his name. -
Salem Witch Trials
The Salem Witch Trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people who were accused of witchcraft in Salem Massachusetts. The trials started with girls being diagnosed by the doctor of witchery where they would blame it on a slave named Tituba. During her hearing and prosecution, she would tell the judge that there were more witches and Salem which would spark their witch hunt. The trials would lead to 20 executions with 19 of those being hangings and 1 being tortured to death. -
Act of Union(1707)
The Act of Union in 1707 was passed by the England and Scotland Parliament to create the United Kingdom. The Act was set to combine the Scotland and Britain as a United Kingdom. Through this, Great Britain and its dominions would subject to certain temporary concessions, taxation, and etc. England would also compensate Scotland for take share for England's debt which was about 10 shillings. With this Act being passed, another one will pass with Ireland being the next country to join. -
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Colonial America
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Triangular Trade
The Triangular Trade was a trade link between America, Europe, and Africa. Throughout these trades, each country will get what they want by trading with each other. In America, they will have raw material which were lumber, cotton, and tobacco. These raw materials will be shipped to Europe to make manufactured goods which were the shirts and furniture. This will be then given to Africa for their gold and iron. Slaves will also be sent from Africa to America for the free labor for rum. -
Treaty of Utrecht
Many European nations will fight against each other for many years and when King Charles II died in 1700, the nations will try to come together to come up with a way to create peace and balance out the powers. Although each nation wanted to meet at their nation, they all came up with the agreement to meet up at Utrecht to talk. This meeting would last them 18 months with the final outcome being peace with the Treaty of Utrecht. Through this treaty, it would evolve to the United Nations. -
First Great Awakening
The First Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival that went across Europe and into America. This would be an evangelical and revitalization movement and left a permanent impact on America. Many powerful preaching about the need of salvation by Jesus Christ would come out and many will follow in the foot steps of these preacher. Christianity will become a very popular religion and be very personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction and redemption. -
Samuel Davies
Samuel Davies was an evangelical Presbyterian pastor and educator who lived in Hanover County. Davies would be an important figure in the Great Awakening through his skilled orating. His sermons were filled with vivid language and punctuated with passionate calls for conversion. His sermons would also influence Patrick Henry who was also an influential in the revolutionary and a Governor. On February 4, 1761, he would die at the age of 37 and be buried in the Princeton Cemetery. -
The Seven Year War
The Seven Year War or the French and Indian War was one of the first World Wars. This war would last 7 year against the British and the French and be fought in America, Europe, India etc. The big reason why the war was fought was because of trade. The British wanted to gain land in America to create more trade while the French were afraid of the British taking over their sugar cane trade in the Caribbean. The British would win and take over most of North America. -
Period: to
The Revolutionary Era
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Treaty of Paris 1763
The Treaty of Paris 1763 would end the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War. The treaty would end the war fought between Britain and France and their respective allies which were the Indians and Colonial Americans. In the treaty, France would give up all of its territories in North America east of Mississippi. This would exclude New Orleans and environs. In return, Britain would restore the West Indian islands of Guadalupe to France. -
Boston Massacre
On March 5, 1770, a group of British soldiers came to Boston to protect a sentry who was being harassed by a crowd of Colonials throwing snowballs with rocks inside. The soldiers would open fire under the command of Capt. Thomas Preston and kill 5 people, one of them being an African man name Crispus Attucks. The Captain and his 8 men would be arrested for manslaughter, but would be acquitted later. The Boston Massacre would be remembered as a key event for the fight to Independence. -
Boston Tea Party
Before the Boston Tea Party, the British would pass the Tea Act which was designed to monopolize all tea exported to the colonies. The tea that was sent out would be carried only in East India Company ships and when the ships came to the Colonies, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston would cancel the order but Boston would uphold the law and maintain the three arriving ships. a group of 60 men would dress as Indians and dump the tea chests which were valued at £18000. -
Dunmore's Proclamation
Dunmore's Proclamation was created on November 7, 1775 for those who would flee from rebel masters and serve the crown. The point of it was to disable rebellion rather than being humanitarian, but it was actually reversed. Slave owners in the South would argue against the crown and start to trust in the crown less. The British officialdom never repudiated the proclamation's message, but many black Americans would send thousands of them to fight along the British side. -
The Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence was signed and adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. The paper was signed for many reasons such as finding allies for the Revolutionary War, but the main reason was to gain political independence from Britain. Throughout the 1760s and 1770s, Britain would set taxes and frontier policies on the colonies which restricted them in many ways and made them really angry to the point of wanting independence by signing the Declaration of Independence. -
Battle of Saratoga
The Battle of Saratoga was one of the turning points in the Revolutionary War. During the Saratoga campaign, the Americans would beat the British forces by waiting for British General John Burgoyne to lead his troops to Champlain Valley from Canada with the mindset of having British forces coming from North New York City and Eastward from Lake Ontario, but they never came and the Americans surrounded Burgoyne's forces and defeated them in upstate New York. -
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The Constitution
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Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation were written documents that created a national government in the United States after declaring independence from Great Britain. The Articles would include a weak central government, no way of gaining money, and lacked laws which would make the new country to toss it and create a new document for their country. The Articles would also be challenged by Shay's Rebellion which was a reason for them to toss it as well. -
Battle of Yorktown
The Battle of Yorktown was an a decisive American victory that had a combination of American and French forces. Both led by George Washington and Comte de Rochambeau, they were able to overpower the British troops and capture General Charles Cornwallis and his army. The Yorktown campaign would be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War and would give the Americans a boost of morale and revive French enthusiasm for the war. -
Treaty of Paris 1783
The Treaty of Paris 1783 was signed by King George III of Great Britain in Pars to end the American Revolutionary War. The treaty would also set boundaries between the British in American and the United States. The treaty would also include fishing rights, restoration of property (which the Americans did not do), and releasing prisoners of war. The treaty would also allow the Americans to trade with whoever and travel westward. -
Shay's Rebellion
Shay's Rebellion was a series of protests led by Daniel Shay during the 1786 and 1787. He would lead American farmers to fight against the state and local enforcement of tax collection and judgments for debt. The cause for the rebellion would be due to the high taxes which caused the farmers to lose their farms. Although farmers from New Hampshire to South Carolina would be in this too, Massachusetts would be the worst due to its bad harvests, economic depression, and high taxes. -
Judicial Branch
The Judicial Branch was created in 1787 to interpret the meanings of Laws, enforce the law, and decide if laws break the Constitution. The Judicial Branch would also be made up of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. The Supreme Court, which was the highest court would consist of 9 members and would deal with cases that get passed the federal courts. The federal courts would deal with the cases in states and counties but could be brought to the Supreme Court if important enough. -
Virginia Plan
Virginia delegate Edmund Randolph would propose the Virginia Plan on May 28, 1787. Although it was primarily written by James Madison, the plan included a national government consisting of three branches with checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power. It would also have the idea of 2 houses. One house with members elected by the people for 3 years and the other composed of older leaders elected by the state for 7 years. The Virginia Plan would also favor larger states. -
Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance was passed on July 13, 1787 and created the Northwest Territory. The Ordinance was the first organized territory of the United States from the Appalachian Mountains, British North America, and the Great Lakes to the North and the Ohio River to the South. The Ordinance would be the response for the multiple request of westward expansion by the American Settlers. The westward expansion would also cause tense relationships with Great Britain, Spain, and the Native Americans. -
Steamboats
The Steamboat was set for transportation in the 1760s by James Watt who was a Scottish inventor. He was able to develop a successful steam engine which was the opening for the Industrial Revolution. American John Fitch would adopt the idea and create the first Steam Boat on August 22, 1787 and use it for the transportation of people but mainly for shipping goods from the North and South. The Steam Boat would be an important invention for the American Industrial Revolution. -
Executive Branch
The Executive Branch is where the President of the United States stays. The President is responsible for implementing and enforcing the laws written by the Congress. The Executive branch would also include the cabinet which were people hand picked by the president to do their certain tasks and the Vice President who is the person to take charge if anything were to the happen to the president. -
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The New Republic
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Election of 1788
The Election of 1788 was the first ever Presidential Election and included George Washington and John Adams. The Election would also be under the new United States Constitution with the winner being George Washington and the second place being John Adams. The election would also allow John Adams to be the Vice President and George Washington to have two terms as president. -
Legislative Branch
The Legislative Branch creates the bills for the country and is able to confirm or reject presidential appointments. They also have the authority to declare war against other nations as well. The branch also includes the senate which are 2 elected people per state which makes it a total of 100. They serve 6 year terms. The branch also has the house of representative which are elected representatives from each state depending on the size of the state. They serve 2 year terms. -
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The American Industrial Revolution
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Bank of the United States
The Bank of America was proposed by Alexander Hamilton and was established in 1791 and was a repository for federal funds and as the government's fiscal agent. The bank would be very successful but many would say that it was constraining economic development in American, and its charter was not renewed in 1811. Then came the Second Bank of America which was formed five years later and brought controversy despite the U.S Supreme Court's support of it's power. -
Cotton Gin
The Cotton Gin was created on 1793 by Eli Whitney. The Cotton Gin revolutionized the production of cotton by speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. This invention was important to American because cotton was its leading export and creating a faster way to get it meant getting more money. It also expanded slave use in the South because plantations the justification of maintain their slaves and expand on it as well. -
Jay's Treaty
Jay's Treaty was created during 1794 and was a way for The United States and Great Britain to avert war and resolved the problems that remained since the Treaty of Paris 1783. The Treaty was Negotiated by John Jay and gained many of the primary American goals. The biggest goal was to get British Armies out of the Northwest Territories. Once the treaty was created, it was signed on November 19, 1794 and was submitted to the United States Senate for consent on July. It was then ratified on 6/24/95 -
Pickney's Treaty
Prior to the treaty, Spain didn't want allow the United States to extend over the Mississippi river so they closed it off for American shipping. But when Spanish Officials heard about John Jay's negotiation in Great Britain, they feared that it would result in an Anglo-American alliance and invade the Spanish's possessions in North America. So they asked for negotiation themselves and Thomas Pickney came and negotiated the 31st parallel as the U.S-Florida border and free navigation in Mississipp -
Iron Plow
The Iron Plow was thought of and invented by Charles Newbold in Chesterfield, New Jersey. Throughout his teenage years, he would investigate the use of the cast iron to improve on the heavy iron-clad wooden plow available then. Then on June 26, 1797, he was issued the first United States patent for a plow. The plow was cast as one piece. The moldboard, share, and land-side would all be cast together with a wooden handle and beam added to make it less heavy to use. -
Alien and Sedition Act
The Alien and Sedition act was signed by President John Adams in 1798. The Acts consisted of four main laws passed by the Federalist Congress as the Americans prepared for war with France. The acts would increase the residency requirement for American citizenship from five to fourteen years, authorized the president to imprison or deport immigrants who were dangerous to america, and restricted speech critical of the government. They were also designed to silence the Democrat-Republican party. -
Kentucky Resolutions
The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions were political statements created in 1789, in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. The resolutions argued that the states had the right and the duty to declare unconstitutional acts of Congress that were not authorized for the Constitution. They also argued for state's rights and strict constitutionism of the constitution. -
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The Age of Jefferson
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12th Amendment
The 12th Amendment created as a new procedure in picking the President and Vice President. During the election of the 2nd President, the Vice President was part of the opposing political party so they had to create a way for choosing the President and Vice President. The solution would be instead of casting two votes for president, everyone must pick a President and a Vice President on his or her ballot. This would ensure the President would be paired with his running mate after the election. -
Embargo Act of 1807
The Embargo Act was passed on December 22, 1807 to stop all trades with foreign ports. Although trading was very important during this time, the United States had to take the risk because the French passed a law that prohibited trade with neutral parties which included the United States. Because of this, they would seize American merchant ships which made the British retaliate. The British would also seize American ships as well which resulted in us creating the Embargo Act. -
War of 1812
In the War of 1812, the United States took on Great Britain which was the strongest naval power in the world. The conflict would result in the Americans dealing with many losses such as Restriction of U.S Trade, the impressment of American seamen and America's desire to expand its territory. Although they had many losses, they were able to overcome this and have a burst of patriotism when they defeated the British in New York, Baltimore, and New Orleans. This would end with the Treaty of Ghent. -
Battle of New Orleans
The Battle of New Orleans was the last major battle of the War of 1812. The war was fought in New Orleans on January 8, 1815 and came in as little skirmishes because of the rag-tag army consisting of pirates, slaves, and farmers. The General would be Andrew Jackson and with his leadership skills, he was able to lead the army to defeat the British and have his name be a household name. The battle would also boost the confidence of the Americans as a win of their "Second Independence". -
The Erie Canal
The Erie Canal would be dug and build on July 4, 1817 in Rome New York. The canal was created to ling the waters of Lake Erie in the west to the Hudson River in the east. The Erie Canal is also used for the transportation of good throughout the two water ways. The Canal was used frequently due to the time efficiency of going through it. Because of the engineering marvel when it was build, some would call the Erie Canal as the Eighth Wonder of the Would. -
Panic of 1819
The Panic of 1819 was what happened after the War of 1812. The panic would include banks throughout the country failing, mortgages were foreclosed, forcing people out of their homes and off their farms. There were also falling prices in agriculture and manufacturing which triggered the widespread of unemployment. The whole country would be impacted by this until 1824 where the Second Bank of America and Industrialization came in and boosted the country up big time. -
Adams-Onis Treaty
The Adams-Onis Treaty was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S and created the boundary between the U.S and New Spain. It would also settle a standing border dispute between the 2 countries. The Spanish were able to give up the Florida Territory because throughout the Latin American War of Independence, Florida was a burden to Spain so they eventually just gave it us through the Adams-Onis Treaty. -
McCulloch Vs Maryland
The McCulloh Vs. Maryland care was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. Maryland has attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of America because the bank was in Maryland. They wanted to do this by imposing a tax on all notes of bank not chartered in Maryland. The problem would be brought to the Supreme Court which was McCulloh Vs. Maryland. The Supreme Court would rule in the end that federal law would overrule states law. -
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Nineteenth Century Cultural Change
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Missouri Compromise
In the years that led up the the Missouri Compromise, there would be tension between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups within the U.S Congress and across the Country. Now that Missouri is a state, it wanted to be a slave state but that would make the numbers between free and slave states unbalanced so the congress came up with a two-part compromise which granted Missouri as a slave state and Main as a free state. This would also include the 36 30 line as well. -
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Age of Jackson
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Charles Grandison Finney
Charles Grandison Finney was born on August 29, 1792 and was an American Presbyterian minister and leader in the Second Great Awakening. He was also nicknamed The Father of Modern Revivalism for his importance in the Awakening. He is best known as an innovative revivalist during 1825-1835 in upstate New York and Manhattan. In his teachings, he taught about abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans. -
Donkey Symbol
The Origins of the Democratic Donkey can be traced back to the election of 1828 through Andrew Jackson's campaign. During the race, his opponents would call him a jackass, but he didn't about the label and accepted it. Jackson would then defeat John Qunicy Adams and serve as America's first Democratic President. This would also influence a political cartoonist Thomas Nast to popularize the donkey as the symbol for the entire Democratic Party. -
Telegraph
The Telegraph was invented in the 1830s by Samuel Morse and other Inventors. The telegraph would revolutionize long-distance communication and worked by transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations. Samuel Morse would also create a language with series of dots and dashes which was used to communicate through these lines. By 1866, the lines would be placed throughout the United States and the Atlantic Ocean from the U.S to Europe for communications. -
Mormons
The Mormon pioneers were members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. They were created by a man named Joseph Smith who told the people that he was able to read the written text on two golden plates he found. He was nicknamed the American Moses and had a big following. The Mormons were also the byproduct of the Industrialization and would be pushed to the Utah Territory. After his death, Brigham Young would lead the Mormons to Salt Lake City where they would stay. -
Indian Removal Act of 1830
The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830. This would authorize the president to grant unsettles lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing borders. This would cause the Indians to move out of their homes in Florida. Although some went peacefully, the Cherokee would fight against the government, but he forcibly removed by the government which created the Trail of Tears. -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Nat Turner's Rebellion was an insurrection of slaves fighting for freedom. Led by Nat Turner, he was able to gather slaves and kill many whites, ransack their homes, and free slaves. On their march to Jerusalem, they were met by a militia of 200 men and many of the slaves would die. The Rebellion would cause the congress to create laws and stop slaves from learning how to read or write because if you can stop their education then you can stop another insurrection. -
Spoils System
The Spoils system which is also called the patronage system was a practice in which the political party winning an election would reward its campaign workers and other active supporters by appointment to government. This was seen the most by Senator William Marcy in 1832 when Andrew Jackson have him a spot in the Government just for the support of him during his Presidential run. The Spoils System would then be seen in many elections that follow this one. -
Nullification Crisis
The Nullification Crisis was a confrontation between South Carolina and the Federal Government in 1832. The state would fight over the former's attempt to declare null and void within the state the federal Tariffs of 1828. The resolution of the nullification crisis was in favor of the government where they came up with the nullification doctrine which was the constitutional theory that upheld the right of states to nullify federal acts within their boundaries. -
Tariff Act of 1832
The Tariff Act of 1832 was a protectionist tariff in the United States. It was enacted under Andrew Jackson's presidency, but was written largely by former President John Quincy Adams. The Act would reduce the existing tariffs that remedied the conflict created by the Tariff of 1828, but was still deemed unsatisfactory by some in the South, especially in South Carolina. As a result of this, the act was replaced by the Compromise Tariff of 1833. -
American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS)
The American Anti-Slavery Society was a promoter with its state and local auxiliaries of the cause of immediate abolition of slavery in the United States. The main goal of the AASS was the Abolition Movement, the society was founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison. The Society would have 150,000 to 200,000 people in it and would do many things to try to show their hate for slavery. They would sign antislavery petitions and send it to Congress and publish journals and enlisted subscriptions. -
New York Female Moral Reform Society
The New York Female Moral Reform Society was created by Lydia A. Finney for the fundamental purpose of preventing prostitution in early 19th century New York. The reformation became a prominent issue in America during the 1830s and 1840s when other groups were created to stop prostitution and the sexual double standard, and promoted sexual abstinence. Because of this, prostitution became illegal in America but wasn't really big because only 5 to 10 percent of women were prostitutes. -
Edgar Allen Poe
Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. During 1835, he became the editor of the Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond, where he lived with his aunt and cousin. Over the next 10 years of Poe's career, he would would on the Burton's Gentleman's Magazine and Graham's Magazine. It was throughout these years where he came up with his own poems and stories which included "The Tell-Tale heart" and "The Raven". He was also an important man in the Transcendentalism. -
Battle of Goliad
The Battle of Goliad was the second battle in the Texas Revolution. The battle was fought in the early morning of October 9, 1835. It started with Texas settlers attacking the Mexican Army soldiers garrisoned at Presidio La Bahia which was a fort near the Mexican Texas settlement of Goliad. La Bahia was the halfway point between the large Garrison of Mexican soldiers and the then-important Texas port of Copano so the victory was important to the Texans. -
The Battle of the Alamo
The Battle of the Alamo was an important even in the Texas Revolution. The battle started with a 13-day siege of 1800 Mexican troops against about 200 Texans in the Alamo. During the siege, the Mexican troops who were lead by Santa Anna would kill every men who were defending the Alamo and left the women and children alone. This event would inspire many Texans and adventurers of the United States to join the Texian Army and desire revenge for the Alamo. -
Battle of San Jacinto
The Battle of San Jacinto followed after the Battle of the Alamo so many Texans had the mindset of revenge in their minds while battling the Mexican army. The Battle was fought on April 21, 1836 with the General being Sam Houston leading the army in a sneak attack while the Mexican army were taking a nap. The result of the battle would be many Mexican soldiers dying and the capture of Santa Anna and 11 dead on the Texan side. This battle would also be the last battle fought in the Texas Revoluti -
Panic of 1837
The Panic of 1837 was a financial crisis in the United States that touched off a major recession that lasted until the mid-1840s. Many Profits, prices, and wages went down while unemployment went up. The panic would have both domestic and foreign origins and would raise speculative lending practices in western states, a sharp decline in cotton prices, a collapsing land bubble, international specie flows and restrictive lending policies in Great Britain were all to blame. -
First Police Forces
The First Police Forces were first established in 1838 in the city of Boston and was followed by New York City in 1845. These "Modern Police" organizations shared many of the same characteristics. They publicly supported and bureaucracy in form and police officers were full-time employees, not community volunteers or case-by-case fee retainers. They were established to also enforce the law of each state due to the growth of communities from industrialization. -
Trail of Tears
In 1838 to 1839, Andrew Jackson enacted the Indian Removal Policy which removed all Indians from states which was Florida. Although many would leave in peace, the Cherokee would fight back but lose and be forced to leave Florida in a harsh winter. The Cherokee people would have to travel to Oklahoma on a trail they called "The Trail of Tears". Due to the harsh weather, many would die from hunger, diseases, and exhaustion. 4000 out of the 15000 would die from this event. -
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny was used for the attitude prevalent during the nineteenth century period for America to expand. They believed that the United States not only could, but was destined to, stretch from coast to coast. This would help fuel the western settlement, Native American removal and war with Mexico. The Americans would achieve their goal and have many gains that would follow them as well such as gold found in California. -
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Westward Expansion
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Battle of Palo Alto
The Battle of Palo Alto was the first major battle in the Mexican War. The battle started on May 8, 1846, shortly before the United States formally declared war on Mexico and was led by General Zachary Taylor. He was able to lead his army and defeat the Mexican army. The battle would take place north of the Rio Grande River and this would make him into a war hero which would be one of the reasons why he was elected as the twelfth president of the United States. -
Brigham Young
Brigham young was the second leader of the Mormons and was the leader in the Latter Day Saints Movements. He would be their leader until his death and lead them to Salt Lake City in which he founded. He was also the first governor of the Utah Territory. He would also be the founder of the precursors to the University of Utah and Brigham Young University. Through his leadership skills, he was able to bring back his religion and do many things that would bring change Utah. -
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Sectionalism
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Seneca Falls Convention
The Seneca Falls Convention was the first ever women's rights convention. The women advertised it to be a convention to discuss social, civil, and religious conditions and rights of women. It was held in Seneca Falls, New York and spanned over to days from July 19-20, 1848. This would attract women to follow them and fight for women's rights and weeks later, there would be many more National Women's Conventions. -
Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad was a secret network organized by people who helped men, women, and children escape slavery. The railroads were operated before the Civil War ended and the people involved were mainly Northerner. They would provide the runaways slaves with shelter, water, and food so that they could travel to the North (mainly Canada). The event was called the underground railroad because the slaves were called cargo, places called stations, and helpers were called conductors. -
Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 would consist of 5 laws passed on September of 1850 but would not be enforced until January 29, 1950. This happened because of California wanting the join the United States as a free state but that would upset the balance of free and slave states. The compromise would cause the Fugitive Slave Act to be amended and the slave trader in Washington, D.C to be abolished. California would be a free state and Utah would create a government of their own. -
Fugitive Slave Act
The Fugitive Slave Acts were a pair of federal laws that would allow the capture and return of runaway slaves in all states of the United States. The Act would add further provisions regarding runaways and levied even harsher punishments for interfering in their capture. This would cause many people in the North to stop helping the slaves running away. The Fugitive Slave Act would be a controversial law so Northerners would pass special legislation to circumvent them. -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin was a novel created by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe and was published in 1852 in an attempt to show the Northerners about the harsh conditions of slavery. The book would be one of the top sellers in the North and would get a lot of people thinking about abolishing slavery which made the Southerners angry so they came up with a book of their own to show that slavery was not as bad as Uncle Tom's Cabin showed it to be. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed by the U.S Congress on May 30, 1854. It would allow the people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether they would allow slavery or not. The act would also repeal the Missouri Compromise in 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36 30. The Act would also get Northerners angry because they considered the Missouri Compromise to be a long-standing binding agreement, but was highly supported by the Southerner. -
Sing Sing, New York Prison
Sing Sing Correctional Facility in New York was the fifth prison built in New York and were for those who need to be corrected and put in a cell to think about what they did wrong. The prison would also contain those who were not mentally right so prisoners and mentally disabled people would be treated the same which was bad. The prison would also be where many people would consider the punishments very harsh because some prisoners would be forced into complete darkness in isolation. -
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates were a series of seven debates between Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln. Their debates would be during Illinois state election campaign during 1858 and would be the most significant statements in American political history. The issues discussed were not only important to the sectional conflict of slavery and states' rights but it would include questions that would continue to influence political discourse. -
John Brown's Raid
On October 16, 1859, John Brown would lead a small army of 18 men to Harper's Ferry, Virginia to start a major slave rebellion in the South. He would take the arms and ammunition in the federal arsenal, give it to the slaves, and would try to attract slaves to his cause. His plan was bad in the beginning because he had many holes in his plan, he had no escape root and no rations so he didn't last long. But it would be important due to the media who spread it the news around the North and South. -
Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant was born on April 27, 1822 in Point Pleasant, Ohio. As went to school in Westpoint but was not in the top of his class, but he would be apart of many American wars such as the Mexican-American War and the Civil War. During the Civil War, he would lead the Union Army in many battles ultimately defeating them. Grant would also be elected as President in 1868 and his primary focus would be Reconstruction and the reconcile of the North and South. -
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The Civil War
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1st Bull Run
The First Battle of Bull Run was fought on July 21, 1861 in Prince William County, Virginia. The 1st Bull Run was the first battle in the American Civil War and the Confederates would win the battle due to the Unions being slow in positioning themselves. Both sides had about 18,000 poorly trained troops and the Confederates would win due to the Unions being disorganized and were forced to retreat back to the North. -
Battle of Shiloh
The Battle of Shiloh was also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing. The battle was fought from April 6 and April 7, 1862 and was one of the major early engagements of the American Civil War. The battle would begin with the Confederates surprising the Union Forces under the lead of Ulysses S. Grant in southwestern Tennessee. The Unions would win this battle due to the Confederates not being able to hold their positions and were forced back to retreat. -
Twenty Negro Law
The Twenty Negro law or the Twenty Slave Law was a piece of legislation that enacted the Confederate Congress during the American Civil War. The law would exempt from Confederate military service one white man for twenty slaves owned on a Confederate plantations, or for 2 or more plantations within five miles of each other that collectively had 20 or more slaves. The law was passed as part of the Second Conscription Act on 1862 and was a reaction to the Emancipation Proclamation. -
2nd Bull Run
The Second Bull Run was a deciding battle in the Civil War campaign and be fought in northern Virginia in 1862. The Union force would be commanded by John Pope who waited for George McClellan's Army to join him and defeat the Confederate General Robert E. Lee. Through Robert E. Lee's great leadership skills, he was able to lead his army and split it up to defeat both generals with the help of Stonewall Jackson. -
Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation was issued on January 1, 1863 by President Abraham Lincoln. As the nation was approaching its third year of the bloody civil war, Lincoln wanted to create the proclamation and declared "that all persons help as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free," Although this was said, the Emancipation Proclamation was limited by it only applied to states that has seceded from the Union which left slavery untouched in the loyal border states -
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Reconstruction
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Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg was fought on July 1 to July 3 1863 and was the largest battle during the American Civil was and the largest battle ever fought in North America. This battle would include 85,000 men in the Union side and 75,000 men in the Confederate side. The war would result in 23,000 men from the Union side dead and 28,000 men from the Confederate side dead. The battle would also be the victory of the Union side as well. -
Lincoln's 10% Plan
Lincoln's ten percent plan was a United States Presidential Proclamation that was issued on December 8, 1863 by President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. At this time, the Union army have already pushed the Confederate army out of several regions of the South so Lincoln came up with the 10 percent plan which was the postwar reconstruction. The 10 percent plan would allow the southern states to be readmitted into the Union once 10 percent of its voters swore an oath of allegiance. -
Lincoln's Tomb
Lincoln's Tomb would be the final resting place of the 16th president of the United States. Abraham's wife and their three of their four sons would also be buried here in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois. At the close of the ceremonies and events marking Lincoln's death, his body was placed in a nearby receiving tomb and later in a state tome. His tomb would also be owned by the state of Illinois and become a National Landmark in 1960 -
40 Acres and a Mule Plan
The Forty acres and a mule plan refers to a promise made in the United States for agrarian reform fro former enslaved black farmers by Union General William Tecumseh Sherman. It would follow a series of conversations between Edwin M. Stanton, Charles Sumner, and Thaddeus Stevens. and would follow disruptions to the institution of Slavery provoked by the American Civil War. Those who were freed would legally be able to claim 40 acres of land and a mile after the war ended. -
13th Amendment
The 13th Amendment was in the Constitution to declare that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duty convicted, shall exist within the United States." The 13th Amendment was passed to abolish slavery in the United States and would be ratified by the states on December 6, 1965. Although the amendment would anger the South, they would come up with ways to treat blacks in horrible ways. -
KKK
The KKK or the Ku Klux Klan was founded in 1865 and would extend into almost every southern states by 1870 and become a way for white southern resistance to the Republican Party's Reconstruction-era policies to establish political and economic equality for blacks. The members would wage underground campaigns of intimidation and violence directed at whites and black Republican leaders. They would attack, shoot, and bomb schools and churches with blacks with the intention of killing them all. -
Panic of 1873
The Panic of 1873 was another financial crisis that triggered a depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 to 1879. The panic and the subsequent depression would have several underlying causes to the economic to the United States due to the post Civil War inflation. Throughout America, many people would lose their homes, jobs, and could not find a way to gain money and get food. This would end though with America getting back into Industrialization. -
Whiskey Ring Scandal
The Whiskey Ring Scandal in the Unites States happened due to the group of whiskey distillers who conspired to defraud the federal government in taxes. This would mainly operate in St.Louis, Mo, Milwaukee, and Chicago, Ill, The Whiskey Ring would bribe Revenue official and accomplices in Washington in order to keep liquor taxes for themselves. The result of this would be whiskey distiller who had to pay 70 cents per gallon could now pay 35 cents but were soon caught and stopped. -
Jim Crow Laws
The Jim Crow laws were statutes enacted by Southern States and municipalities, beginning in the 1880s. This would legalize segregation between blacks and whites. The name is believed to be derived from a character in a popular minstrel song. in the late 1870s, Southern states would no longer have to deal with blacks going to the same restaurants, schools, and churches anymore because they would create separate places for blacks to go to.
