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100 BCE
Pueblo/Anasazi
The Anasazi homes started out as caves near agricultural lands, turned into pit house, the "Out of the Pit" homes, they were above-ground structures and were square looking and stated looking modern lastly living in cliff dwellings. Kivas were round ceremonial structures usually aligned with some astronomical feature.They were used for communal or religious reasons. The Anasazi had many advancements in their buildings throughout the years which illustrate much about their culture and environment -
Period: 100 BCE to
Beginnings To Exploration
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95 BCE
Mayan- human sacrifice
The reasoning for the ritual was the that it was nourishment to the gods.The sacrifice of a human was the ultimate one,only high status prisoners of war were sacrificed,there were different ways the sacrifices occurred.most common being decapitation&heart removal, a new building or ruler required human sacrifice. Many of these sometimes took place after the victim was tortured,if the sacrifice happened through heart removal happened in the courtyard of the temple/summit of the pyramid-temple. -
115
Mesoamerican- bloodletting
Bloodletting involved somebody cutting their own body to offer a small portion of it, this would not have killed the person sacrificing their blood. Usually done by nobles, sometimes they would put a rope through their tongue to get the blood out (as shown on picture). The blood was caught in bark paper which they would burn because burning it would allow them to communicate with the gods. After giving their blood they would enter a trance state and "communicate with the gods or have visions". -
410
The Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was most of what is now Western Europe. The empire was conquered by the Romans and their way of life was established in the conquered countries of,England/Wales, Spain, France, ect. The # of Roman laws grew a lot, at first the Twelve Tables. As the laws grew, so did the # of lawyers and judges needed to study and interpret laws. Roman judges applied the laws evenly throughout the Republic and the Empire. Odoacer took control of Rome and forced Augustulus, to give up his crown. -
Mar 4, 1397
Portugal- Henry the Navigator
Henry is credited with making the Age of Discovery, a time when Europeans expanded to reach Africa, Asia and the Americas. Even though he wasn't a sailor, he sponsored many exploratory sea voyages.Before him Europeans didn't know about past Cape Bojador on the west coast of Africa. He has the dubious distinction of being a founder of the Atlantic slave trade. In addition to sponsoring exploratory voyages, Henry is also credited with furthering knowledge of geography, map making and navigation. -
1486
Sam Houston
an American soldier and politician. His victory at the Battle of San Jacinto secured the independence of Texas from Mexico in one of the shortest decisive battles in modern history. He was also the only governor within a future Confederate state to oppose secession (which led to the outbreak of the American Civil War) and to refuse an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy, a decision that led to his removal from office by the Texas secession convention. -
1496
Colombian Exchange
The Colombian Exchange changed the economy and the culture of the New & Old Worlds. food that was exchanged were beans, squash, chili peppers, sunflowers, peanuts, tomatoes etc. but most importantly the sugar, potatoes and corn cane. a very important plant in the exchange is cotton.some animals in the exchange were pigs,horse, ass, ox, horses, dogs,pigs,cattle,chickens, sheep. but unfortunately brought to places were diseases like smallpox, malaria,influenza,polio and hepatitis that killed many. -
1500
Aztec- Caste System
The Aztecs followed a strict social hierarchy commonerswere nobles(pipiltin), commoners(macehualtin), serfs or slaves. The noble class was government and military leaders, know priests, & lords(tecuhtli).Priests had their own internal system.The tecuhtli included landowners, judges, & military commanders.Nobles entitled to receive from commoners like goods, services,or labor. Noble status was passed on through blood,only nobles were permitted to display wealth,by wearing nice capes and jewelry. -
Period: to
ENGLISH COLONIAL SOCIETIES
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Period: to
Cultural Changes
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Plymouth Colony -Puritans
The Puritans who were also known as pilgrims moved to America in the mayflower but unfortunately they had been blown off course in bad weather. Since they were well outside of Virginia, the colonists sought to legitimize their venture by forming the Mayflower Compact which was the first agreement for self-government to be created and enforced in America. During the first winter Squanto (Native American) acted as an interpreter and guide to the Pilgrim settlers at Plymouth to help them survive. -
Royal Colonies
A Royal colony was administered by a royal governor and council that was appointed by the British crown. The Royal Colonies had a representative assembly elected by the people, colonies involved were, New Hampshire,New York,New Jersey,Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. Prior to the establishment of Royal, Charter and Proprietary colonies, British colonization of North America was made under the jurisdiction of joint stock companies working under charters allowed by the crown. -
Charter Colony- Rhode Island
The Rhode Island Royal Charter was a document providing royal recognition to the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, approved by England's King Charles II and It lead a life for America and outlined many freedoms for the people of that colony. Rhode Island gave the colonists freedom to elect their own governor and write their own laws, within very broad guidelines, The charter was not replaced until 1843, after serving for nearly two centuries as the guiding force of the Colony -
Navigation Acts
when the English Civil War ended, England instituted laws called the Navigation Acts.They were to limit colonial trade only to Britan. In order to accomplish this, all trade between colonists and British was conducted on either English vessels or colonial vessels. If colonists traded with other nations, goods had first to be shipped to England, giving opportunity to handle them and collect revenue. In addition, there were products that could be traded only with Britain; tobacco, sugar & cotton. -
Oliver Cromwell
he was a puritan who helped to organize armed forces after the outbreak of civil war, serving as deputy commander in the New Model Army that decimated the main Royalist force at the 1645 Battle of Naseby. He was a skilled politician & a strong personal power base. Little after joining the army he was put in charge of the 'Horse' of the cavalry of the Parliamentary Army.He had the foresight, determination and strength.He was hated by royalists for his role in the trial and execution of Charles I. -
Pennsylvania
this was one of the original 13 colonies on the Atlantic coast.William Penn founded Pennsylvania, he got it because the king owed his father something . He then became a Quaker, Quakers were the expression of the Reformation. Quakers did not believe in organized religion as was practiced in the Church of England and others.Quakers were known for their simplicity of speech, pacifism, equality for all, equality in education, intolerance to slavery, as well as a refusal to swear oaths or bear arms. -
Salem Witch Trials
in Massachusetts Bay Colony town eight young women accused their neighbors of witchcraft. Trials ensued and then fourteen women, five men, and two dogs had been executed for their supposed supernatural crimes.it happened because girls had a condition caused by a type of fungus found grains it produces hallucinatory LSD-like effects or encephalitis lethargica this caused many women to be tried for being witches. many of these women would not admit they were so they were killed to find the truth. -
Period: to
Colonial America To 1763
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Triangular Trade
Slave ships from Britain left ports like London,Liverpool and Bristol for West Africa.Later, on the West African coast,these goods would be traded for men,In the West Indies enslaved Africans would be sold to the highest bidder at slave auctions.Two thirds of the enslaved Africans, taken to the Americas,ended up on sugar plantations.Sugar was used to sweeten another crop harvested by enslaved Africans coffee.Goods such as sugar,coffee and tobacco were bought and carried back to Britain for sale. -
Colonial Economy- New England
There were differences between the New England,Middle and Southern.Economic activities/trade were dependant of the environment in which the Colonists lived.New In New England along the coast,they made their living fishing and shipbuilding. The fish included cod, mackerel, herring etc.Farming was difficult in New England for crops like wheat for poor soil but corn, pumpkins, rye, squash were planted. The North was in manufacture and focussed on industries such as manufacture and export of rum. -
The Enlightenment- Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin, the author, printer, scientist and statesman who led America through a tumultuous period of colonial politics, a revolutionary war and its momentous, though no less precarious, founding as a nation.He believed that reason, free trade and a cosmopolitan spirit serve as faithful guides for nation-states to cultivate peaceful relations.Franklin favored voluntary associations over governmental institutions as mechanisms to channel citizens’ extreme individualism. -
The Atlantic Slave Trade
When Portuguese interests in Africa moved away from the fabled deposits of gold to a much more readily available commodity slaves. By the seventeenth century, the trade was in full swing, reaching a peak towards the end of the eighteenth century. It was a trade which was especially fruitful since every stage of the journey could be profitable for merchants.The infamous triangular trade. many laborers were needed in america so slaves were brought although many died along the way due to disease. -
the Great Awakening - John Edwards
Some consider him America’s greatest philosopher,but he would laugh at this. For Edwards,biblical exposition was the soul,sinew,and marrow of his life and purpose. He had no interest in philosophy for its own sake. Edwards believed the essential work was from God.But he recognized that the entire work would be discredited and abandoned unless the church learned to sort the wheat from the chaff. He wrote prolifically to this end the most important work on this subject was On Religious Affections. -
Seven years War- Ohio Company of Virginia
Ohio greatly upset the French, who had claimed the Ohio Country.But later they fell under the control of Virginia.The lieutenant of Virginia hearing of France's immediately sent people to convince them to leave Ohio.The French commander refused. Later the Treaty of Paris secured Ohio for the British. But Great Britain made the Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited its colonists from settling west of the Appalachian therefor the investors lost all of the money contributed to the Ohio Company. -
Seven Year War-Treaty of Paris(1763)
Because of the Treaty The War ended. It destroyed Great Britain dominant in America and it made France pass Canada and all of Louisiana east to Great Britain.Great Britain was left with a debt following the French and Indian Wars and looked for ways of raising revenue.it also meant Great Britain issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 that was designed to calm the fears of Native Indians by halting the westward expansion by colonists whilst expanding the lucrative fur trader that cafe. -
Period: to
The Revolutionary War 1763 - 1783
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Acts of Parliament
Upset by the Boston Tea Party and other acts of destruction of British property by American colonists,the British Parliament enacts the Coercive Acts,to the outrage of American Patriots,on this day in 1774.The Coercive Acts were a series of four acts established by the British government.The aim of the legislation was to restore order in Massachusetts and punish Bostonian's for their Tea Party.They made The Boston Port, Massachusetts Government, Administration of Justice, and Quartering acts. -
Boston Massacre- Paul Revere
Produced three weeks after the Boston Massacre, Paul Revere’s “The Bloody Massacre in King-Street” was the most effective piece of war propaganda in American history. Not an accurate depiction of the actual event, it shows an orderly line of British soldiers firing into an American crowd and includes a poem that Revere likely wrote. Revere based his engraving on that of artist Henry Pelham, who created the first illustration of the episod and who was neither paid nor credited for his work. -
Boston Tea Party
the Boston tea party was an event that happened one day that the sons of liberty decided to throw tea boxes in the the Boston harbor. The cause of this was because Britain had taxes on many things that were not logical so when they taxed tea it made the people go over the edge. They thought that it was insane to tax tea. because of the taxation on tea a group of Massachusetts colonists (SoL) disguised as Mohawk Indians board three British tea ships and dump 342 chests of tea into the harbor. -
Battles- Lexington
The British and American colonists were in a face-off position on the green. There were 100 spectators.Neither side wanted the situation to escalate and were ordered not to fire.No one knows who fired the first shot of the American Revolution but many believe that it was an onlooker.Shots were exchanged by both sides resulting in the deaths and wounding of both American and British troops.The Battle of Lexington ended with the retreat of the colonists who were vastly outnumbered by the British. -
Common Sence
Thomas Paine argues for American independence. His argument begins with more general, theoretical reflections about government and religion, then progresses onto the specifics of the colonial situation.Common Sense made public a persuasive and impassioned case for independence, which before the pamphlet had not yet been given serious intellectual consideration. He connected independence with common dissenting Protestant beliefs as a means to present a distinctly American political identity. -
Battle of Saratoga
The Battle of Saratoga, comprising two significant battles during September and October of 1777, was a crucial victory for the Patriots during the American Revolution and is considered the turning point of the Revolutionary War. The Battle was the impetus for France to enter the war against Britain, re-invigorating Washington's Continental Army and providing much needed supplies and support.Arnold helped to stop the British army. His work led to the surrender of the British general. -
Period: to
The Constitution
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Treaty of Paris – 1783
Under the terms, Britain recognized the independent nation of the U.S.A Britain agreed to remove troops from the new nation.it also set borders for the U.S. from the Great Lakes, to Florida, and from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River. The United States agreed to allow British troops still in America to leave and also agreed to pay all existing debts owed to Great Britain. The United States also agreed not to persecute loyalists still in America and allow those that left America to return. -
Problems with the British- Mississippi River
The 1780 Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, drafted by John Adams, is the world's oldest functioning written constitution. It served as a model for the United States Constitution, which was written in 1787 and became effective in 1789.The Bill of Rights to the United States Constitution were approved in 1789 and became effective in 1791. In turn, the United States Constitution has, particularly in years since World War II, served as a model for the constitutions of many nations, -
AoC Problems- Central Authority
The Articles created a sovereign, national government, and, as such, limited the rights of the states to conduct their own diplomacy and foreign policy. However, this proved difficult to enforce, as the national government could not prevent the state of Georgia from pursuing its own independent policy regarding Spanish Florida, attempting to occupy disputed territories and threatening war if Spanish officials did not work to curb Indian attacks or refrain from harboring escaped slaves. -
Massachusetts Constitution
The 1780 Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, drafted by John Adams, is the world's oldest functioning written constitution. It served as a model for the United States Constitution, which was written in 1787 and became effective in 1789. The Bill of Rights to the United States Constitution were approved in 1789 and became effective in 1791. In turn, the United States Constitution has, particularly in years since World War II, served as a model for the constitutions of many nations. -
Enlightenment Ideals on America in the late 18th Century
European politics, philosophy, science and communications were radically reoriented during the course of the 18th century as part of a movement referred to the Age of Reason, or simply the Enlightenment. Enlightenment thinkers in Britain, in France and throughout Europe questioned traditional authority and embraced the notion that humanity could be improved through rational change. The Enlightenment produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions. -
Shay’s Rebellion
Shays’ Rebellion is the name given to a series of protests in 1786 and 1787 by American farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt. Although farmers took up arms in states from New Hampshire to South Carolina, the rebellion was most serious in Massachusetts, where bad harvests, economic depression, and high taxes threatened farmers with the loss of their farms.The rebellion took its name from its symbolic leader, Daniel Shays of Massachusetts. -
Constitutional Convention- Virginia Plan
On May 29, 1787, Virginia delegate Edmund Randolph proposed it, written primarily by Virginian James Madison, the plan traced the broad outlines of what would become the U.S. Constitution. In its amended form, this page of Madison's plan shows his ideas for a legislature. It describes 2 houses: one with members elected by the people for 3-year terms and the other composed of older leaders elected by the state legislatures for 7-year terms -
The Great Debate- Anti-Federalist Papers
The arguments against ratification appeared in various forms, by various authors, most of whom used a pseudonym. Collectively, these writings have become known as the Anti-Federalist Papers. We here present some of the best and most widely read of these. They contain warnings of dangers from tyranny that weaknesses in the proposed Constitution did not adequately provide against, and while some of those weaknesses were corrected by adoption of the Bill of Rights. -
Election of 1788
It was held from Monday, December 15, 1788, to Saturday, January 10, 1789. It was conducted under the new United States Constitution, which had been ratified earlier in 1788. In the election, George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president, and John Adams became the first vice president.Under the first federal Constitution ratified in 1781, known as the Articles of Confederation. -
Period: to
The New Republic
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Bill of rights
Once independence had been declared, in 1776, the American states turned immediately to the writing of state constitutions and state bills of rights. In Williamsburg, George Mason was the principal architect of Virginia’s Declaration of Rights. That document, which wove Lockean notions of natural rights with concrete protections against specific abuses, was the model for bills of rights in other states and, ultimately, for the federal Bill of Rights. -
Whiskey Rebellion
Alexander Hamilton, secretary of the treasury, had proposed the excise to raise money for the national debt and to assert the power of the national government. Small farmers of the backcountry distilled whiskey, which was easier to transport and sell than the grain that was its source. It was an informal currency, a means of livelihood, and an enlivener of a harsh existence. The distillers resisted the tax by attacking federal revenue officers who attempted to collect it. -
Jay’s Treaty
On November 19, 1794 representatives of the United States and Great Britain signed Jay’s Treaty, which sought to settle outstanding issues between the two countries that had been left unresolved since American independence. The treaty proved unpopular with the American public but did accomplish the goal of maintaining peace between the two nations and preserving U.S. neutrality. -
Election of 1796
Vice President John Adams of Massachusetts was a candidate for presidency on the Federalist Party ticket with former Governor Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina as the next most popular Federalist.The United States presidential election of 1796 was the first contested American presidential election and the only one to elect a President and Vice President from opposing tickets. Although Adams won, Thomas Jefferson received more electoral votes than Pinckney and was elected Vice-President. -
XYZ Affair
When word of the French demands reached the United States, it caused an uproar and prompted calls for war. After some members of Congress asked to see the diplomats’ reports regarding what had transpired in France, Adams handed them over with the names of the French agents replaced with the letters X, Y and Z; thus the name. Congress subsequently authorized various defense measures, including the creation of the Department of the Navy and the construction of warships. -
Election of 1800- John Adams
Adams was the first presidential candidate to be victimized by the three-fifths compromise. That decision, which permitted the counting of 60 percent of the slave population for purposes of representation enhancing the clout of the South in this contest. Had no slaves been counted, Adams likely would have defeated Jefferson by a 63-61 margin. In the May elections of that year, Jefferson would receive all twelve electoral votes from New York, whereas Adams had won those votes in 1796. -
Period: to
The Age of Jefferson
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Sacagawea
The bilingual Shoshone woman Sacagawea accompanied the Lewis and Clark Corps of Discovery expedition in 1805-06 from the northern plains through the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean and back. Her skills as a translator were invaluable, as was her intimate knowledge of some difficult terrain. Perhaps most significant was her calming presence on both the expeditioners and the Native Americans they encountered, who might have otherwise been hostile to the strangers. -
Embargo Act of 1807
The Embargo Act of 1807 was a law passed by the United State Congress and signed by President Thomas Jefferson on December 22, 1807. It prohibited American ships from trading in all foreign ports.Britain and France had been at war since 1803. Americans had tried hard to remain neutral in this conflict and keep up communication and trade with both countries. Unfortunately, it wasn't working. In 1806, France passed a law that prohibited trade between neutral parties, like the U.S too. -
Fort McHenry - Francis Scott Key
The United States had declared war on Great Britain in June 1812. Once Napoleon abdicated in April 1814, the British set out to their former colonies. In August, fifty ships sailed up Chesapeake Bay. After occupying Washington, and burning the Capitol, and other public buildings, the British turned their attention northward. Fort McHenry stood between the British navy and the city of Baltimore. When the fort refused to be subdued, the ships sailed away, to the cheers of the defenders. -
Cotton Gin
n 1794, U.S.-born inventor Eli Whitney (1765-1825) patented the cotton gin, a machine that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. By the mid-19th century, cotton had become America’s leading export. Despite its success, the gin made little money for Whitney due to patent-infringement issues. Also, his invention offered Southern planters a justification to maintain and expand slavery -
Battle of New Orleans
On December 24, 1814, Great Britain and the United States signed a treaty in Ghent, Belgium that ended the War of 1812. on January 8, 1815, the two sides met in what is remembered as one of the conflict’s biggest and most decisive engagements. In the Battle of New Orleans Andrew Jackson and a motley assortment of militia fighters, frontiersmen, slaves, Indians and even pirates. The victory vaulted Jackson to national stardom, and helped foil plans for a British invasion of the American frontier. -
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
The Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, the Florida Purchase Treaty, or the Florida Treaty, was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain. It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy.It came in the midst of increasing tensions related to Spain's territorial boundaries in North America. -
Monroe Doctrine
a principle of US policy, originated by President James Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the US.It stated that further efforts by European nations to take control of any independent state in North or South America would be viewed as "the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States." -
Period: to
The American Industrial Revolution
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Iron Plow
Jethro Wood was the inventor of a cast-iron moldboard plow with replaceable parts, the first commercially successful iron moldboard plow. His invention accelerated the development of American agriculture.Wood received a patent on an initial version of a cast-iron moldboard plow and patented improvements on that plow in 1819.The first patent on a cast-iron plow had been issued to Charles Newbold of New Jersey. -
Changes in Transportation- Roads
Road construction was one of the first improvements in American infrastructure. Major cities in the northeast were often connected by post roads, which at first were little more than dirt trails but later were improved with gravel or wooden planks. Travel on these roads was slow going the trip from Boston to New York, for example, could take up to 3 days by stage coach.In 1806, Congress allotted funds for the national road,. It stretched from Cumberland, Maryland to Illinois. -
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Age of Jackson
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Election of 1824- John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825. The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the first U.S. presidential election where the elected president lost the popular vote, and the only presidential election in which the candidate who received the most electoral votes -
Yeoman Farmers
The Yeomen Farmer who owned his own modest farm and worked it primarily with family labor remains the embodiment of the ideal American: honest, virtuous, hardworking, and independent. These same values made yeomen farmers central to the republican vision of the new nation. Because family farmers didn't exploit large numbers of other laborers and because they owned their own property, they were seen as the best kinds of citizens to have political influence in a republic. -
Slavery- Religion
at first when the slaves all came from different places in Africa and other regions they all had their own religions that they came from and they believed. some were Islamic and others worshiped different gods but when they got to america the white citizens tried forced them to become Christians and to listen to the christian preaching which is why many black people now a days are more christian in america. -
Election of 1828
The United States presidential election of 1828 featured a rematch between John Quincy Adams, now incumbent President, and Andrew Jackson. As incumbent Vice President John C. Calhoun had sided with the Jacksonians, the National Republicans led by Adams, chose Richard Rush as Adams' running mate.Unlike the 1824 election, no other major candidates appeared in the race, allowing Jackson to consolidate a power base and easily win an electoral victory over Adams -
Changes in Communication- Telegraph
Developed by Samuel Morse and other inventors, the telegraph revolutionized long-distance communication. It worked by transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations. In addition to helping invent the telegraph, Samuel Morse developed a code (bearing his name) that assigned a set of dots and dashes to each letter of the English alphabet and allowed for the simple transmission of complex messages across telegraph lines. -
Spoils Systems
Nowhere was the Jacksonian ideal of openness made more concrete than in Jackson’s theory of rotation in office, known as the spoils system. In his first annual message to Congress, Jackson defended the principle that public offices should be rotated among party supporters in order to help the nation achieve its republican ideals. Performance in public office, Jackson maintained, required no special intelligence or training, and rotation in office. -
Whig Party
It emerged in the 1830s as the leading opponent of Jacksonians, pulling together former members of the National Republican (one of the successors of the Democratic-Republican Party) and Anti-Masonic Parties. It had distant links to the upscale traditions of the Federalist Party. It originally formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of the US Congress over the Presidency -
Temperance Movement
The Temperance movement is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Temperance movements typically criticize alcohol intoxication, promote complete abstinence Before this, although there were pieces published against drunkenness and excess, total abstinence from alcohol was very rarely advocated or practiced. There was also a concentration on hard spirits rather than on abstinence from alcohol and on moral reform rather than legal measures against alcohol. -
Changes in Transportation- Railroads
The development of RAILROADS was one of the most important phenomena of the Industrial Revolution. With their formation, construction and operation, they brought profound social, economic and political change to a country only 50 years old. Over the next 50 years, America would come to see magnificent bridges and other structures on which trains would run, awesome depots, ruthless rail magnates and the majesty of rail locomotives crossing the country. -
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Nathanial “Nat” Turner was a black American slave who led the only effective, sustained slave rebellion in U.S. history. Spreading terror throughout the white South, his action set off a new wave of oppressive legislation prohibiting the education, movement, and assembly of slaves and stiffened proslavery and antiabolitionist convictions -
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Westward Expansion
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Age of the Common Man
Growth, expansion and social change rapidly followed the end of the WAR OF 1812. Many an enterprising American pushed westward. In the new western states, there was a greater level of equality among the masses than in the former English colonies. Land was readily available. There was little tolerance for aristocrats afraid to get their hands dirty.The west led the path by having no property requirements for voting, which the eastern states soon adopted, as well. -
Henry Clay
Henry Clay was viewed by Jackson as politically untrustworthy, an opportunistic, ambitious and self-aggrandizing man. He believed that Clay would compromise the essentials of American republican democracy to advance his own self-serving objectives. Jackson also developed a political rivalry with his Vice-President, John C. Calhoun. Throughout his term, Jackson waged political and personal war with these men, defeating Clay in the Presidential election of 1832 -
Second Great Awakening- Education
School attendance in America at the beginning of the 19th Century was undemocratic. Poor and working-class households could not afford the loss of a potential worker. Children would often work at home or be hired out. Children of slaves were not schooled at all. Further, the subjects taught in school were limited. Young boys and girls who attended the common school would learn reading, writing, spelling, and arithmetic. -
Battle of goliad
ronically, rather than serving to crush the Texas rebellion, the Goliad Massacre helped inspire and unify the Texans. Now determined to break completely from Mexico, the Texas revolutionaries began to yell “Remember Goliad!” along with the more famous battle cry, “Remember the Alamo!” Less than a month later, Texan forces under General Sam Houston dealt a stunning blow to Santa Anna’s army in the Battle of San Jacinto, and Texas won its independence. -
Annexation of Texas
The Republic of Texas declared independence from the Republic of Mexico on March 2, 1836. At the time the vast majority of the Texian population favored the annexation of the Republic by the United States. The leadership of both major U.S.political parties,the Democrats and the Whigs, opposed the introduction of Texas, a vast slave-holding region, into the volatile political climate of the pro- and anti-slavery sectional controversies in Congress.Moreover, they wished to avoid a war with Mexico. -
mormons
When Mormonism, or the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as it came to be officially designated, first emerged on the religious scene in 1830, it was simply one of the many, often short-lived, new religious groups born amidst the spiritual ferment of mid-nineteenth-century America. But by the mid-1840s, Mormonism had established itself as a dynamic and distinctive new religious tradition. The historical significance of Mormonism lies not in its size and success in gaining adherents. -
Robert E. Lee
Because of his reputation as one of the finest officers in the United States Army, Abraham Lincoln offered Lee the command of the Federal forces in April 1861. Lee declined and tendered his resignation from the army when the state of Virginia seceded on April 17, arguing that he could not fight against his own people. Instead, he accepted a general’s commission in the newly formed Confederate Army. His first military engagement of the Civil War occurred at Cheat Mountain, Virginia -
Abolitionist
The goal of the abolitionist movement was the immediate emancipation of all slaves and the end of racial discrimination and segregation. Advocating for immediate emancipation distinguished abolitionists from more moderate anti-slavery advocates who argued for gradual emancipation, and from free-soil activists who sought to restrict slavery to existing areas and prevent its spread further west. Radical abolitionism was partly fueled by the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening. -
John C. Calhoun
rather than being a "necessary evil", was a "positive good", benefiting both slaves and slave owners. To protect minority rights against majority rule, he called for a concurrent majority whereby the minority could sometimes block proposals that it felt infringed on their liberties. To this end, Calhoun supported states' rights and nullification, through which states could declare null and void federal laws that they viewed as unconstitutional. -
Frederick Douglas
he was an African-American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. After escaping from slavery in Maryland, he became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York, gaining note for his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writings. In his time, he was described by abolitionists as a living counter-example to slaveholders' arguments that slaves lacked the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens. -
Furniture
The nation was growing, and the furniture did too. We call this the Empire style, influenced heavily by Napoleon's emulation of Roman imperial aesthetics. Empire style furniture was still neoclassical, but had larger and exaggerated motifs like scrolls and columns. It was visually bulkier and studier, reflecting strength, prosperity, and power. In the United States, both the late Federal and Empires were championed by the highly influential furniture maker Duncan Phyfe. -
Oregon Trail
The Oregon Trail is a 2,170-mile (3,490 km) historic east–west, large-wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail in the United States that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon. The eastern part of the Oregon Trail spanned part of the future state of Kansas, and nearly all of what are now the states of Nebraska and Wyoming. The western half of the trail spanned most of the future states of Idaho and Oregon. -
Gringo - Green Hills We Go
All of these charming explanations have chronology working against them. Although the first recorded use of “gringo” in English , the word was known in Spanish well before the Mexican-American War. According to Rawson, the Diccionario Castellano of 1787 noted that in Malaga “foreigners who have a certain type of accent which keeps them from speaking Spanish easily and naturally” were referred to as gringos, and the same term was used in Madrid -
Bringham Young
A towering figure in Mormonism, Brigham Young (1801-1877), began his professional career as a carpenter and painter. Baptized a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1832, he was ordained an apostle in 1835. After the assassination of Joseph Smith in 1844, Young was chosen leader of the Mormons and continued as president until his death. He directed the migration of 16,000 Mormons from Illinois to Utah from 1856 to 1852, and became governor of the territory in 1851. -
California Gold Rush - Mass Migration
The California Gold Rush was the largest mass migration in American history since it brought about 300,000 people to California. It all started on January 24, 1848, when James W. Marshall found gold on his piece of land at Sutter’s Mill in Coloma. The news of gold quickly spread around. People from Oregon, Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) and Latin America were the first to hear the breaking news, so they were the first to arrive in order to test their luck in California by the end of 1848. -
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Sectionalism
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Slavery- Fire-eaters
In American history, the Fire-Eaters were a group of radical pro-slavery Southerners in the Antebellum South who urged the separation of Southern states into a new nation, which became the Confederate States of America. The dean of the group was Robert Barnwell Rhett of South Carolina. They sought to reopen the international slave trade, which had been illegal since 1808. the Fire-Eaters demonstrated the high level of sectionalism existing in the U.S. during the 1850s, -
Fugitive Slave Act
The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was part of the Compromise of 1850. This law required the United States government to actively assist slave owners in recapturing their fugitive slaves. Under the United States Constitution, slave owners had the right to reclaim slaves who ran away to free states. With the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, the federal government had to assist the slave owners. No such requirement had existed previously. -
Underground Railroad -Harriet Tubman
Harriet Tubman was a deeply spiritual woman who lived her ideals and dedicated her life to freedom. She is the Underground Railroad’s best known conductor and before the Civil War repeatedly risked her life to guide nearly 70 enslaved people north to new lives of freedom. This new national historical park preserves the same landscapes that Tubman used to carry herself and others away from slavery. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed by the U.S. Congress on May 30, 1854. It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30´ The Kansas-Nebraska Act infuriated many in the North who considered the Missouri Compromise to be a long-standing binding agreement. In the pro-slavery South it was supported. -
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin was the best-selling novel of the 19th century and the second best-selling book of that century, following the Bible. It is credited with helping fuel the abolitionist cause in the 1850s. In the first year after it was published, 300,000 copies of the book were sold in the United States; one million copies in Great Britain.In 1855, three years after it was published reinforced by a story that Abraham Lincoln met Stowe at the start of the Civil War, -
Crittenden Compromise- Lincoln says No
In December 1860, on the eve of the Civil War, Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden introduced legislation aimed at resolving the looming secession crisis in the Deep South. The “Crittenden Compromise,” as it became known, included six proposed constitutional amendments and four proposed Congressional resolutions that Crittenden hoped would appease south compromise would have guaranteed the permanent existence of slavery in the slave states by reestablishing the free-slave demarcation line drawn -
Trent Affair
On November 8, 1861, Charles Wilkes, a U.S. Navy Officer, captured two Confederate envoys aboard the British mail ship, the Trent. Great Britain accused the United States of violating British neutrality. and the incident created a diplomatic crisis between the United States and Great Britain during the Civil War. -
North- Population
At the beginning of the war the Northern states had a combined population of 22 million people. The Southern states had a combined population of about 9 million. This disparity was reflected in the size of the armies in the field. The Union forces outnumbered the Confederates roughly two to one. -
South- Military Leadership
There were many important confederate generals and commanders during the American Civil War. Some, like Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, and Nathan Bedford Forrest are household names. Others are less well known but are still important, as the southern generals were the commanders that led the troops and helped decide the ultimate outcome of most civil war battles. -
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the Civil War
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Winfield Scott
Winfield Scott was one of the most important American military figures of the early 19th century. After fighting on the Niagara frontier during the War of 1812, Scott pushed for a permanent army that adhered to standards of professionalism. In 1821, he wrote “General Regulations for the Army,” the first comprehensive, systematic set of military bylaws that set standards for every aspect of the soldier’s life. Named commanding general of the U.S. Army in 1841. -
Battle of Antietam
General Robert E. Lee’s forces along Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17th, 1862. The morning attacks by the Union First and Twelfth Corps on the Confederate left flank, and vicious Confederate counterattacks by Gen. "Stonewall" Jackson's brigades swept back and forth through Miller’s Cornfield, across the Hagerstown Turnpike and into the West Woods. the third and final major assault pushed over a bullet-strewn stone bridge at Antietam Creek that now bears his name. -
J.E.B. Stuart
His great grandfather, Major Alexander Stuart, commanded a regiment in the Revolutionary War, and his father Archibald Stuart fought in the War of 1812 before serving as a Commonwealth and U.S. Representative. where he graduated 13th of 46 in 1854. West Point was also where he first met and befriended Robert E. Lee. In his U.S. service, Stuart was involved in several Indian conflicts,and was sent by Lee to crush John Brown’s raid at Harpers Ferry. -
Lincoln 10% Plan
The ten percent plan, formally the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, was a United States presidential proclamation issued on December 8, 1863, by President Abraham Lincoln, during the American Civil War. By this point in the war, the Union Army had pushed the Confederate Army out of several regions of the South, and some rebellious states were ready to have their governments rebuilt. Lincoln's plan established a process through which this postwar reconstruction could come about. -
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Reconstruction
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John Wilkes Booth
nty-six-year-old Booth was one of the most famous actors in the country when he shot Lincoln during a performance at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C., on the night of April 14. Booth was a Maryland native.He enlisted the aid of several associates, but the opportunity never presented itself. Booth changed the plan to a simultaneous assassination of Lincoln, Vice President Andrew Johnson, and Secretary of State William Seward. Only Lincoln was actually killed, however. -
Election of 1866
The elections occurred just one year after the American Civil War ended when the Union defeated the Confederacy.The elections were a decisive event in the early era, in which President Andrew Johnson faced off against the Radical Republicans in a bitter dispute over whether Reconstruction should be lenient or harsh toward the vanquished South Most of the congressmen from the former Confederate states were either prevented from leaving the state or were arrested on the way to the capital. -
KKK
Democratic victories in state legislatures across the South in the 1870s. After a period of decline, white Protestant nativist groups revived the Klan in the early 20th century, burning crosses and staging rallies, parades and marches denouncing immigrants, Catholics, Jews, blacks and organized labor. The civil rights movement of the 1960s also saw a surge of Ku Klux Klan activity, including bombings of black schools and churches and violence against black and white activists in the South. -
14th Amendment
The 14th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified on July 9, 1868, and granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” which included former slaves recently freed. In addition, it forbids states from denying any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" By directly mentioning the role of the states, the 14th Amendment greatly expanded the protection of civil rights to all Americans and is cited in more litigation than any other amendment. -
Jim Crow
Jim Crow” was a derisive slang term for a black man. It came to mean any state law passed in the South that established different rules for blacks and whites. Jim Crow laws were based on the theory of white supremacy and were a reaction to Reconstruction. In the depression-racked 1890s, racism appealed to whites who feared losing their jobs to blacks. Politicians abused blacks to win the votes of poor white “crackers.” Newspapers fed the bias of white readers by playing up black crimes. -
The new South- Music
New South, New South Democracy or New South Creed is a slogan in the history of the American South, after 1877. Reformers use it to call for a modernization of society and attitudes, to integrate more fully with the United States, and reject the economy and traditions of the Old South and the slavery-based plantation system of the antebellum period. The term was coined by its leading spokesman and Atlanta editor Henry W. Grady.
