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Special Education Laws/Events
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Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka
This Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka established the fact that "separate-but-equal" education was not equal at all. Because segregation in public schools violates the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution, the supreme court declared segregation unconstitutional, which then sparked the Civil Rights Movement.
Sutori. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2021, from https://www.sutori.com/story/historical-timeline-of-special-education--nkfydgEiRtYcTtf4HAySN1Fd -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)
This law of Elementary and Secondary Education was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson as a part of his poverty campaign. The ultimate goal of this act is to improve the educational experiences for students who are part of a low-income family by providing them federal funds.
Sutori. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2021, from https://www.sutori.com/story/historical-timeline-of-special-education--nkfydgEiRtYcTtf4HAySN1Fd -
P.A.R.C vs Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
The case of P.A.R.C (Pennsylvania Association of Retarded Children) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania was the first case that provided equal educational opportunities for students who had disabilities. A law of Pennsylvania allowed schools to exclude the children who had not reached a "mental age of 5 years old" by first grade enrollment.
Sutori. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2021, from https://www.sutori.com/story/historical-timeline-of-special-education--nkfydgEiRtYcTtf4HAySN1Fd -
Mills vs. Board of Education of District of Columbia
The D.C denied any students who obtained any sort of mental, behavioral, physical or emotional disabilities enrollment into a public educational program. Federal court in D.C had determined that the student's rights to an education had been violated and available funds must be expended so no student is excluded from an educational experience.
Sutori. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2021, from https://www.sutori.com/story/historical-timeline-of-special-education--nkfydgEiRtYcTtf4HAySN1Fd -
Congressional Investigation of 1972
During the wave of the P.A.R.C and Mills ruling, the United States Congress launched an investigation to discover how many special education children were being underserved. The investigation uncovered that around 3.9 million children out of 8 million children with disabilities were actually receiving a proper educational experience.
Sutori. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2021, from https://www.sutori.com/story/historical-timeline-of-special-education--nkfydgEiRtYcTtf4HAySN1Fd -
Public Law 99-457 and Handicapped Children's Protection Act (HCPA)
Because President Reagan signed this bill of Public Law 99-457, the United States Congress expanded academic coverage to preschool children and for infants and toddlers as well. This academic coverage was expanded under the Education for All Handicapped Children Act.
Sutori. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2021, from https://www.sutori.com/story/historical-timeline-of-special-education--nkfydgEiRtYcTtf4HAySN1Fd -
Americans with Disabilities Act
This Civil Rights law was signed by President George H.W Bush in July of 1990. This law provides equality and support for the individuals who have mental and/or physical disabilities. This Civil Rights law guarantees that people with disabilities obtain the same educational opportunities as every other student in American life.
Sutori. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2021, from https://www.sutori.com/story/historical-timeline-of-special-education--nkfydgEiRtYcTtf4HAySN1Fd -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
In 1990, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act(IDEA) replaced the Education for All Handicapped Children Act(1975) and declared entitlement of free public education to children with disabilities. However, in 1997 this IDEA was revised and now focused on improving teaching and learning tactics.
Sutori. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2021, from https://www.sutori.com/story/historical-timeline-of-special-education--nkfydgEiRtYcTtf4HAySN1Fd -
No Child Left Behind
The No Child Left Behind act is a re-authorization of the ESEA(1965) and focuses solely on closing student achievement gaps by providing students with disabilities and all other students fair and equal educational opportunities. Due to this law, states are required to provide state testing systems that meet federal requirements.
Sutori. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2021, from https://www.sutori.com/story/historical-timeline-of-special-education--nkfydgEiRtYcTtf4HAySN1Fd -
Every Student Succeeds Act
This Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) is a newer federal K-12 education law that was signed by President Obama. This law updates and also replaces the No Child Left Behind law by providing provisions that will not only ensure success for students but for the schools as well.
Sutori. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2021, from https://www.sutori.com/story/historical-timeline-of-special-education--nkfydgEiRtYcTtf4HAySN1Fd
