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Sputnik
Who: Yuri Gargarin
What: first satellite sent in Spcae
Where: Moscow, Russia
Why: Wanted to win the "Space Race" -
Period: to
Pioneer Program
• NASA was in charge
• TRW helped
• Charles Hall – original project manager
• Series of American unmanned space crafts that were sent into space for different missions
• Pioneer 10 – studied Jupiter, solar wind, and cosmic rays
• Jupiter and Saturn were the main planets studied
• Made for the Space Race -
Mercury
Who: Friendship 7 Astronauts, NASA
What:First Man in Space Program
Where:U.S.
Why: To observe Human performance in Space -
Period: to
Venera Probes
Who: The Soviet Union
What: They were spacecrafts sent out to explore Venus, 16 probes went out, 3 failed, expensive project, shut down from low funds, first probes to send colored pictures of Venus
Where: Venus, the Soviet Union, kept secret --> no other countries involved
Why: to explore Venus's atmosphere
How: designed to float atop of Venus's oceans, had a high-gain antenna, magnetometer, ion traps, and micrometeorite detectors -
Gemini
Who: NASA
What: Spacecraft, practiced rendezvous techniques
Where: U.S. (Cape Canaveral Air Force Station)
Why: to develop U.S. ability to maneuver in space -
Period: to
Mariner Program
• NASA was mainly involved
• Interplanetary probe used to capture pictures of Mars, Mercury, and Venus
• Launched from the NASA headquarters
• NASA wanted to be the first obtain pictures of Mars, Mercury, and Venus
• First successful Mariner (Mariner 2) – August 27, 1962 -
Period: to
Space Stations
• Idea came from the theory of a “Brick Moon”
• Salyut 1 (first space station) – April 19, 1971
• Multiple countries are working on the ISS
• Used solar panels
• Astronauts discovered the water recycling process
• American Skylab launch – May 14, 1973
• November 20, 1998 – ISS launch
• 2/24/2011 – ISS completed -
Period: to
Viking Probes
• Took place on Mars and the Langley Research Center
• NASA, James Martin
• NASA sent 2 probes to Mars
• One landed on Mars, One orbited it
• Project started in 1968
• Viking 1 launch – August 20, 1975
• Viking 2 launch – September 9, 1975
• Project ended (lost signal) – November 13, 1982
• Cost - $2 billion
• This was the first time we landed on Mars
• Rocks on Earth and Mars are similar
• Made 7 years of observations -
Voyager Probes - Voyager 2
Who: NASA
What: goes in the opposite direction as Voyager 1, has gravity asssist, explores different areas as Voyager 1, cost $250 million
Where: Within the Solar System -
Voyager Probes - Voyager 1
Who: NASA
What: Explored Inter-Stellar Spacepace, discovered information on Saturn, still traveling today, cost $250 million, made to extend knowledge of Space -
Period: to
Space Shuttles
• NASA
• 5 main space shuttles
• Flew to Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury, and Jupiter
• Kennedy Space Center, Florida
• Wanted to explore areas of space
• Needed a reusable spacecraft
• Can go from 0 to 17,000 mph in 8.5 minutes -
Period: to
Magellan Spacecraft
• Elizabeth Bayer, Douglas Griffith, Joseph Boyce, R. Stephen Saunders, Martin Marietta
• Sent to Venus
• Took pictures of 98% of the planet
• When done it crashed into Venus
• Launch – May 4, 1989
• Mission End – October 13, 1994
• NASA and JPL Headquarters (California)
• Launched in Florida
• First spacecraft to use inertial upper stage booster -
Period: to
Galileo Spacecraft
• NASA, Thousands of scientists
• Recorded about Jupiter and its moons
• $1.6 billion
• Was in space for 14 years, but only recorded 8
• Discovered the first asteroid moon
• Pasadena, California
• Crashed into Jupiter
• Jupiter can create its own energy
• Made to survive high and low temperatures
• Launched by Venus and Earth -
Hubble Space Telescope
Who: NASA, European Space Agency
What: still in space today, cost $1.5 million, found aout about other galaxies and stars, has made more than 930,000 observations
Why: to see the universe clearer -
Period: to
N.E.A.R. Missions
Who: John Hopkins, NASA
What: designed to study Eros (asteroid), one of the first discovery missions, first mission to go around an asteroid
Where: the Solar System, NASA, John Hopkins asteroid
How: infrafed a x-ray spectrometer -
Period: to
Cassini Mission
• NASA, European Space Agency, Italian Space Agency
• Made to explore Saturn
• Titan (Saturn’s Moon) is the only other planet know to have an atmosphere
• Cost $3.3 billion
• Cassini will go until September 2017
• Huygens returned data for 90 minutes then died
• Cassini - Made to verify the structure of Saturn’s rings
• Radioisotope gave Cassini its power
• Heaviest unmanned spacecraft sent into space -
Period: to
Genesis Mission
Who: NASA
What: Made to collect Solar Wind, $264 million, made to help find out what the Sun is made out of, First space craft to collect Solar Winds
Where: Cape Canaveral, Florida -
Period: to
Mars Rover
• NASA, Mars Rover command base
• 2 rovers – “Spirit” and “Opportunity”
• They took panoramic pictures
• Cost $645 million
• Launch – June 10, 2003 and July 7, 2003
• Last communication with Spirit – March 22, 2010
• They were looking at the surface of Mars
• Launches/Landings were 3 weeks apart
• Sent to determine if there was water or life on Mar