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Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson was a U.S. Supreme Court case held in 1896. At this time, segregation was high and blacks were not fairly treated. Homer Plessy was an African American train passenger who sat in an "all-whites" car. Plessy was asked to move and chose not to. He believed his 14th amendment was violated; however, judge John Ferguson insisted that the amendment didn't apply to social rights but only civil and political rights. Plessy violated the law of separate-but-equal cars on the train. -
Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education was a U.S. Supreme Court case involving Oliver Brown. At this time there was segregation and things were still separated between whites and blacks. Although they were "separate but equal", many argued that they weren't equal. Brown wanted his daughter to attend an all-white school because the quality of education was better. Not only did he argue that the white schools were better but also that his 14th amendment rights were being violated. Judge Earl Warren agreed. -
Mapp v. Ohio
Mapp v. Ohio was a U.S. Supreme Court case between Dollree Mapp and police. Mapp was convicted of having "obscene materials" in her home. These materials were found after an illegal police search was conducted in search of a fugitive. Mapp argued that the exclusionary rule was broken so the materials could not be used as evidence. In conclusion, Mapp's conviction was overturned due to the police's failure to abide by the exclusionary rule. -
Engel v. Vitale
Engel v. Vitale was a U.S. Supreme Court case related to religion. This case involved Steven Engel and the school board president William Vitale. The school board authorized a voluntary prayer to be recited every day. Engel objected to this and believed it was unconstitutional. The court's ruling determined that this prayer was "unconstitutional public school sponsorship of religion" (Encyclopedia Britannica). -
Title IX
Title IX was a signed amendment that prohibited the discrimination or exclusion of anyone based on sex. It is against the law to discriminate against anyone based on sex, in any school program or federally funded activity. The U.S. Department of Education states, "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act was enacted in 1975. This act was enacted to ensure equality for all students, including handicapped. This requires all schools that are federally funded to provide equal access to quality education and free meals to all kids with a disability. This greatly, positively impacted the community of the handicapped. -
Goss v. Lopez
Goss v. Lopez was a case in which students were suspended for ten days without a due process hearing. In this case, they argued whether or not the kids' constitutional rights were violated. The verdict determined the schools and principals did violate the children's' due process rights in the 14th amendment. -
Pyler v. Doe
Pyler v. Doe was a case in which districts withheld state funds from schools that immigrants attended. This was indeed a violation of the 14th amendment. All people are entitled to a quality, free education. no matter their race, gender, or ethnic background. This greatly impacted all aliens, it allowed them to get their education and be in a school funded by the state.
