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Dec 14, 1215
Magna Carta
Charter that King John of England issued in 1215 that recognized the right of persons to certain basic liberties -
Period: Jan 1, 1400 to
Renaissance
Period of Eurohistory, it renewed interest in classical culture led to far reaching changed in art learning and views on the world "rebirth." It was a turning point in western thinking and cultural tradition -
Dec 14, 1450
Prince Henry the Navigator
Sent portuguese sailing expeditions down Africas west coast; didn't go himself -- he helped begin the Great Age of Discovery in the 1400's and 1500's -
Oct 12, 1492
Christopher Columbus & Conquistador
Italian explorer who's credited with the discovery of America's aka "New World, his expidition was funded by king Fernandid of Spain Conquistador: Spainard who traveled to the Americas as an explorer and a conqureor in the 16th cent -
Dec 14, 1492
Columbian Exchange
The transfer beginning with columbubses first voyage -- plants animals and disease were exchanged bewteen western and eastern hemisphere -
Dec 14, 1500
Mestizo
mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry -- mixed generations this is what they were called -
Period: Dec 14, 1500 to
Presidio
Fortified base established by Spanish in areas under their control or expansiion between 16th and 19th centuries -
Dec 14, 1502
Northwest Passage
It's a water rout that went through and around the Northern part of North America that connected the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean; it was hoped to shorten the voyage from Europe to Asia -
Aug 14, 1504
Hernan Cortes
Spanish conquistador who overthrew Aztec Empire and won Mexico for spain -
Dec 14, 1520
Moctezuma
9th emperor of the Aztecs; he was emperor when Hernan took over with his people -
Period: Dec 14, 1564 to
Puritan
members of a group that wanted to eliminate all traces of Roman Catholic ritual and tradition in the church of England - English Prorestants and this all helped shaped the nation; introduced early democracy -
Period: to
Adobe, Migrate and Iroquois League
Adobe: Clay used as building material, typicall in form of sun dried brick; used by pueblo to build buildings Migrate: Move from one region or habitat to another; moved with herd for food; animals and humans; showed human progression in the envoirnment Iroquois League: group of Native American peoples inhabiting the woodlands of the northwest; they were allies to us -
John Smith
British soldier and explorer who founded Jamestown in the 1600's. He also married Pocohontus -
Period: to
Salutary Neglect
Unofficial long term British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of Parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England -
Period: to
Merchantilism
Economic system where nations seek to increase wealth and power by obtaining a lot of gold and silver and establishing a favorable balance of trade -
Joint Stock Company
Bussiness in which investors pool their wealth together for a common purpose -
Cash Crop
Crop grown for sale rather than personal use // the colonies -
House of Burgesses
It is the fitsr legislative assembly in the American Colonies-- established by Virginia Companu and it was established to rusle and make the conditions in the colonies more agreeable -
Mayflower Compact
First written framework of govn established in the U.S -- signed by 41 colonists on Mayfflower -
Middle Passage
Sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies -
William Penn
English quaker who established the American colony Pennsylvanna on land gived to him by King Charles II -
Bacon's Rebellion
Armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by nathaniel bacon against rule of William Berkley -- It was the first rebellion in the American colonies -
Habeus Corpus
A writ that requires a person to be brought before a judge or court for investigation of restraint, protection of illegal imprisonment -
English Bill of Rights
Act that parliament of England passed 12-16-1689; it created separation of powers, limits the powers of the king and queen, enchanced the democratic election and bolsters freedom of speech -
Utopian Communtiy
Groups of people who formed to experiment Utopias, religious Americans who testes human possibilities -
Indentured Sevant
Labor systen which people sold themselves to work in the New World -- Americas // ex: poor english convicts -
Period: to
Enlightenment
18th century intellectual movement that emphasized the use of reason and scientific method -
Period: to
The Great Awakening
Revived the religious feelings in the American colonies during the 1730’s to the 1750's -
Period: to
Andrew Jackson & Jacksonian Democracy
Andrew Jackson: He was a general from Tennessee. He defeated Native Americans of the Creek Tribe at the Battle of Horseshoe bend in March of 1814. Greatest victory was after the war. He was important because his troops defeated British forces at the Battle of New Orleans. Became president, “King Andrew” Jacksonian Democracy: Created by Andrew Jackson, it was a form of democracy that created the beliefs around Andrew Jackson. This provided a group who agreed with Jackson near power -
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Articles of Confederation
A document adopted by the 2nd congress in 1777, and finally approved in 1781 in the states it outlined new form of govn in the new U.S // it allowed 2 levels of govn to share fundamental power -
Period: to
Interchangable Parts & Cotton Gin
Interchangeable Parts: Eli Whitney demonstrated the first making of interchangeable parts that are exactly alike and can be interchangeable with others. They allowed muskets to work better but still be the same function as before. Cotton Gin: Invented by Eli Whitney to make the production of cotton easier and more efficient. This set the South on a different course of development than the North. -
Bicameral Legislature
A two house legislature for representation of both large and small states. With members based on population. Important because it helped give fair representation for big and small states created by Madison Virginia. -
Northwest Ordinance
a procedure for dividing the land into territories. Became Confederation’s greatest achievement. Important because it established a blueprint for the future growth of the nation -
Shay's Rebellion
The farmers protest. Caused pain and dismay throughout the nation. Nation’s reputation in danger caused to strengthen the foundation of the nation and not to be codependent -
Great Compromise
Suggested by Rodger Sherman. Offered a two house congress to satisfy the small and large states and each state gets equal representation to give the state's satisfaction for equality. -
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Separaton of Powers, and Checks and Balances
Separation of Powers: An act of vesting the legislature executive and judicial powers of government in separation bodies to reduce the power in one section of law and spread equal power. Checks and Balances- Provisions of the U.S that prevent any branch of government from dominating any other branch -
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Federalist, Popiular Sovereignty, and Limited Government
The Federalist: 85 essays defending the constitution appeared in New York newspapers between 1787 and 1788 provided on analysis and an explanation of constitutional provisions that remain important today Popular Sovereignty- system in which the residents vote to decide issuses Limited Government: The power of government to intervene in the exercise of civil liberties in restricted by law usually in a written constitution gives the public power to participate in law and reduce monarchy -
Cabinet and Alexander Hamilton
Cabinet: The cabinet consists of Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox, and Thomas Jefferson. The cabinet is the President’s advisors through departments like secretary of state or secretary of treasury. The cabinet was important because Washington could get opinions from his most trusted advisors and still have his opinion. Alexander Hamilton: in the original cabinet, secretary of treasury -
John Jay
The chief justice of the Supreme Court. He was in London to negotiate a treaty with Britain at the tone of the Battle of Fallen Timbers; a disputed issue was which nation would control territories west of the Appalachian Mountains. -
Tariff
A tax imposed on imported goods and servces // way to raise revenue -
Period: to
Loose and Strict Construction
Loose Construction: The United States founding fathers gave a foundation to the New Land. The founding fathers created the constitution leaving room for improvement and was important because it allowed more freedom and room to grow and improve as well as interpretations.
Strict Construction: A legal philosophy meaning the constitution is exactly what it says. The constitution was not open to interpretation leaving it exactly what it means. This leaves no room to grow and only has set rules -
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Second Great Awakening
Christian revival that had a large revival movement meetings where zealous preachers expressed their ideas to the American public -- temperate movement, woman's rights and antislavery -
Period: to
American System & Henry Clay
Promoted by Henry clay, this hoped to unite the regions to make them stronger. This was made to make a strong stable economy that could be self sufficient Henry Clay: He promoted the American System and contributed a great deal in making America a better economy. -
Whiskey Rebellion
Farmers in Pennslyvannia rebelled against govn. George Washington with Alexander Hamilton's help quickly stopped the rebellion -
Period: to
Dred Scott
He was enslaved in a free state and when his master died he sued for his freedom, it led to the supreme court and he made history when his case lost -
Alien and Sedation Acts
Four Measures created by Federalists pushing through Congress. The Alien acts raised the residence requirements for American Citizenship from 5 years to 14 and allowed the president to deport or jail any alien considered undesirable. The Sedition acts set fines and jail terms for anything trying to hinder the operation of the government. -
Period: to
Manifest Destiny
19th century belief that the US would inevitaly expand westward to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican Territory -
Period: to
Underground Railroad
use in 19th century it's a system for helping fugative slaves escape into canada or anywhere that was safe // led by Hariet Tubman who was an escaped slave herself -
Judcial Review
Created after the Marbury Vs Madison trial. the ability of the supreme court declare an act of congress unconstitutional. This was important because before the supreme court could not enforce the Judiciary act of 1789. -
Mrbury vs Madison
William Marbury, one of the midnight judges James Madison, Jefferson's secretary of state. One of the most important supreme court decisions. Marbury sued to enforce the provision of the judiciary act of 1789. The court decided that the provision of the act was unconstitutional because the constitution did not empower the court to issue these orders. -
Lousiana Purchase
Monroe and Livingston closed a deal to purchase land. A treaty was signed selling Louisiana to the U.S.. The Louisiana Purchase included all the land drained by the Western tributaries of the Mississippi river. This purchase more than doubled the size of the United States. -
Period: to
Hariet Beacher Stowe
She is the Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin which impacted the Northern's views on the South through the words of her book. But, her words so reliable because she didn't experience anything like it first hand but heard all about it from her other friends who have -
Impressment and War Hawks
Impressment: A British policy that practiced the seizing of American ships at sea or drafting them into the British Navy. One of these seizings an American captain refused the British right to board their ship, The British fired and killed 3 Americans.
War Hawks: Was a group of young congressmen from the South and the West. The War Hawks called for war against Britain. This was the start of the Canadian Rebellion against Britain. -
Period: to
Hartford Convention
A series of meetings in which the Federalist Party met to discuss the War of 1812 -
Treaty of Ghent
Treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain -
Period: to
Elizabeth Coady Stanton
Formed the National Womens Loyal League with Susan B Anthony, she's an abolitionist and pro-womens rights activist // building block to womens rights -
Period: to
Erie Canal
A 363 mi. long artificial waterway connecting the Hudson River with Lake Erie, built between 1817 - 1825 -
Period: to
Monroe Doctrine, Missori Compromise and Indian Removal Act
Monroe Doctrine: President Monroe wrote this in 1823 making a warning to all outsiders of power not to interfere in the west. This helped keep America independent.
Missouri Compromise: Led by Henry Clay, it was a temporary solution of the crisis with a feries of agreements collectively called the Missouri compromise
Indian Removal Act: Passed by Congress. It moved the Indians West so America could take more land. This moved the Indians and payed them off so they wouldn't fight it. -
Tariff of Abominations
Ridiculous tariff aka taxes on British imports. designed to protect the indistry in the Northern states -
Period: to
Abolition Movement
The movement to put slavery to an end, creates a huge impact on American History -
Period: to
Movement Leaders; Dorothea Dix, Nat Turner and William Llyod Garrison
Dorothea Dix: reformer who was for the support of the mentally ill Nat Turner: rebel of slavery who led a slavery rebellion with 60 white deaths // a slavery movement William Llyod Garrison: Prominent American abolitionist who published "The Liberator" -
Nullification
States refused to recognize an act of congress thats considered unconstitutional // this created separation -
Lone Star Republic
Republic of Texas and then Lone Star Republic when Texas decided to join the United States -
Mormon Movement
Latter Day Saint Movement, it was the movement of Mormons and their religion due to religious prosecution which began in the year 1846 -
Period: to
Wilmot Provisio
Proposal to ban slavery in any land recieved during the Mexican war // David Provisio and this was to end slavery expanision in US -
Period: to
California Gold Rush
Violent period for new settlers of the west in search to become successful through mining and paning for gold in California where it was dicovered in masses -
Period: to
Seneca Falls Convention
It was the first women's rights convention. It advertised itself as "a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman". Held in Seneca Falls, New York. -
Compromise of 1850
set of 5 seperate laws that were passed in order to have balance between the proslavery and antislavery states // proposed by henry clay and this compromise relieved may tensions between states -
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Gadsden Purchase
Strip of territory purchased by the US from Mexico, the agreement was finalized in 1854 // it was the last piece of territory to complete the mainland of the United States -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Congress anulled the Missouri Compromise; each state decided their fate of slavery by the system of popular soverignty // caused more tnesion and showed how the tension could get -
Popular Soverignty
a system in which the residents vote to decide on an issue, helped solved debates by using majority votes which was more balanced -
Period: to
Radical Republicans
The Radical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites. They also believed that the Confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil War. -
Freedman's Bereau
Freedman's Bereau was established in 1865 by Congress to help former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the U.S. Civil War. -
Period: to
Harper's Ferry
It's located in current West Virginia. It's the town where John Brown led a band of 21 men both black and white into the ferry. He led them to seize the federal arsenal and start a general slave uprising -
Period: to
Battle of Fort Sumnter
Where: Carlston Carolina
Who: U - major robert anderson C- genereal beauregard
-confederated attack the Union fort on Charleston Harbor
80 U 500 C
1:0 casualty rate for U to C
-First battle of Civil War
-Impacted northerners and inspired them to enlist into the army
-important because made people realize war was upon them -
Period: to
Battle of Fort Sumter
Battle that sparked the Civil War -- tit was the site of the Civil War's first shots. But, it's not the first major battle of the Civil War // only one casualty and it was accidental -
Anaconda Plan
DATE UNSPECIFIED -initial civil war strategy of the US army to put down Confederate rebellion
-by general winfield scott FOUR MAIN PARTS:
-bloackade southern coast to prevdnt good exports
-divide the south by controlling mississippi river -divide the south by capturing tennessee river -Just a plan not a battle; used in battle of Shiloh, Hampton roads, Antietam and the capture of new orleans -
First Battle of Bull Run
-Fairfax County and Prince William County, Virginia
-Confederate - P. G. T. Beauregard and Joseph E. Johnston and Union was Irvin McDowell
-Both forced had about 18,000 troops who were poorly trained
-Union lost
-First major land battle of the civil war
-after this battle on July 22, Lincoln signed a bill calling for 500,000 volunteers to rebuild their army -
Confederate States of America
Group of 11 states that secceded from America because of their want for slavery.. Missippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, Florida, Lousiana, Texas, Tennesse, Virginia, and Arkansas -
Period: to
Battle of Shiloh
-Where: Pittsburgh Landing
-Who UNION: 66,000 men Ulysses S. Grant 13,000 casualties
-Who: CON: 44,700 Albert Sydney Johnston, Army of Mississippi, P. G. T. Beauregard 10,700 casualties
-Bloodiest battle of the Civil War at that point in time
-Union had won; -
Battle of Antietam
Who U: McClellan 12,000 casualties
Who C: Robert E Lee 10,300 casualties
-bloodiest single day battles
-women 7 for the Union, 1 for the Confederacy they dressed up as men all the women of the Union stayed alived but the one on the Confederate side had died
-Draw/Union victory -- lifted northern morale
-repelled southern invasion
-emancipation proclamation was a direct result of this battle -
Period: to
Battle of Chancellorsville
-Where: Chancellorsville, Virginia
-Who UNION: 97,000 troops 14,000 casualties Major General Joseph Hooker
-Who CONFEDERATE: 57,000 troops 10,000 casualties General Robert E Lee
-Stonewall Jackson has died from friendly fire
-Confederate victory
-General Meade replaced General Hooker of the North
-Robert E. Lee of Confederates decided to split his army even with less troops -
Period: to
Siege of Vicksburg
-Last major Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River
-Siege; Union was attempting to cut off all Confederate supplies
-Siege failed, they had more casualties compared to confederate 157:8
-July 3rd General Pemberton S sent a note to General Ulysses S. Grant which demanded such an unconditional surrender; -
Period: to
The Battle of Gettysberg
Who U: George E Meade and John F. Reynolds 23,065 men
Who C: Robert E. Lee
-Union Victory -
Battle of Atlanta
Who U: William T. Sherman 34,000 men and 3,000 casualties
Who C: John Bell Hood 40,000 men and 8,500 casualties
-Union Victory
Where: Southeast of Atlanta, GA
Aftermath: William T, Sherman would begin his march to the sea after this
-This battle influenced Abraham Lincoln's election of the North -
Period: to
Sherman's March to the Sea
-Who UNION: Ulysses S. Grant & William T. Sherman 62,000 men
-Who CONFED: General Howard and Gen Slocum 13,000 men
TOTAL WAR: destorying everything in warpath: livestock, goods, homes and miles and railroads 100mil in damage then and destoryed southern economy. Lincoln didn't endorse but trusted Sherman
-Many slaved were freed along Sherman's march
-This all happened towards the end of the war -
Period: to
Black Codes
These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt. -
Reparations
Pos-Civil War the reparations were basically payments back to the slaves and the people to help rebuild and recover from the damage -
Period: to
Reconstruction
The period of rebuilding that followed the Civil War, during which the defeated Confederate states were readmitted to the Union -
KKK (Ku Klux Klan)
a secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in Southern states after the Civil War. -
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Granted that all men had the right to vote, no matter race or color. -
Carpetbagger
Something that a Northerner would be called when they took advantage of the South's weakness -
Period: to
14th and 15th amendment
14th amendment: granted naturalized and born in the United States would be granted citizenship 15th amendment: It allowed all men to vote and prohibited any state to deny someone that right. -
Sharecropping
. a system in which landowners
give farm workers land, seed, and tools in return for a part of the
crops they raise. -
Period: to
Enforcement Acts
They were criminal codes which protected African-Americans' right to vote, to hold office, to serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws. -
Dawes Act
a law, enacted in 1887, that was intended to “Americanize” Native Americans by distributing reservation land to individual owners
