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Book
Alexis de Tocqueville publishes the first volume of his seminal work, <i>Democracy in America</i>. This definitive study paved the way for later works such as Putnam's "Bowling Alone" (1995) which draws on Tocqueville's observations of American civil society and democracy.
<a href='http://www.pugetsound.worldcat.org/oclc/43481685'>
Tocqueville, A., Mansfield, H. C., & Winthrop, D. (2000). <i>Democracy in America</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</a> -
Book
Karl Marx publishes the groundbreaking work <i>Das Kapital</i>, utilizing the phrase "social capital." Marx, along with others of his time, transformed economics by looking at it from a social point of view. <a href='http://pugetsound.worldcat.org/oclc/300117'> Marx, K., Moore, S., Aveling, E. B., In Engels, F., & Untermann, E. (1906). <i>Capital: A critique of political economy.</i> Chicago: C.H. Kerr & Co. </a> -
Article in a book
John Dewey, educator and philosopher, first uses the term “social capital” in writings compiled in <i>The Elementary School Record</i>. His philosophy is often credited as being the “seedbed” for modern theories of social capital. <a href='http://books.google.com/books?id=KRBDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false'> Dewey , J. (1900). The psychology of the elementary curriculum. In J. Dewey (Series Ed.), <i>The Elementary School Record: Vol. 9. Curriculum</i> (pp. 221-232).</a> -
Essay
The term "social capital" appears in an essay by L.J. Hanifan on school communty centers. Hanifan's use, according to later scholars such as Putnam (2005), marks one of the first uses of the term with its contemporary meaning.
<a href='http://ezproxy.ups.edu/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1013498'>
Hanifan, L.J. The rural school community center. <i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 67</i>, 130-138. </a> -
Book
Jane Jacobs uses the phrase “social capital” in her book <i>The Death and Life of Great American Cities</i>. Putnam (1995), Farr (2004), and others consider Jacobs’ use a significant development of the idea. <a href='http://pugetsound.worldcat.org/oclc/26672611'> Jacobs, J. (1993). <i>The death and life of great American cities</i>. New York: Modern Library.</a> -
Scholarly article
James S. Coleman introduces his concept of "social capital." Later scholars such as Putnam (2005) built on Coleman's work. <a href='http://ezproxy.ups.edu/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2780243'> Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. <i>American Journal of Sociology, 94</i>:S95-120.</a> -
Book
French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu describes the concept of “social capital” alongside economic and cultural capital. <a href='http://pugetsound.worldcat.org/oclc/24954068'> Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. J. D. (1992). <i>An invitation to reflexive sociology.</i> Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</a> -
Scholarly article
Robert Putnam publishes the article, “Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital” which marks a resurgence in academic interest in social capital. <a href='http://ezproxy.ups.edu/login?url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_democracy/v006/6.1putnam.html'> Putnam, R. (1995). Bowling alone: America's declining social capital. <i>Journal of Democracy 6,</i>(1), 65-78. -
Popular magazine article
People magazine interviews Putnam about his theory of "social capital." <a href='http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20101680,00.html'>
Day, N. (1995, September). Our separate ways: Has television sapped America's civic vitality by making us a nation of loners? <i>People, 44</i>(13), 125-128. -
Journal article
Robert Putnam condenses his "Bowling Alone" argument into an article published in the liberal magazine <i>The American Prospect</i>. <a href='http://prospect.org/cs/articles?articleId=4972'> Putnam, R. (1996). The strange disappearance of civic America. <i>The American Prospect, 7</i>, 24, 34-48. -
Journal commentary
“Unsolved Mysteries: The Tocqueville Files” is a series of commentaries ignited by Putnam's article in the previous issue of <i>The American Prospect</i>. His premise that civic America has disappeared is disputed by other leading academic voices.
<a href='http://prospect.org/cs/articles?article=unsolved_mysteries_the_tocqueville_files_311996'>
Schudson, M., Putnam, D., Skocpol, T., and Valelly, R. (1996). Unsolved mysteries: The Tocqueville files. <The American Prospect, 7</i>(25), 17-28. -
News magazine article
<i>Nation</i> columnist Katha Pollitt critiques Putnam’s “Bowling Alone” thesis from a contemporary feminist perspective.
<a href='http://ezproxy.ups.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nih&AN=9604121151&site=ehost-live&scope=site'> Pollitt, K. (1996, April). Subject to debate: For whom the ball rolls. <i>Nation, 262</i>(15), 9.</a> -
Scholarly article
A scientific study shows a connection between income inequality, social capital, and increased mortality. Since the publication of Putnam’s article, the concept of "social capital" has emerged in many disciplines, such as public health. <a href='http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9314802'> Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B. P., Lochner, K., & Prothrow-Stith, D. (1997). Social capital, income inequality, and mortality. <i>American Journal of Public Health, 87</i>(9), 1491-1498. -
Scholarly article
Sociologist Alejandro Portes publishes a literature review considering the "origins and definitions of social capital" and showing the development of the theory in the scholarly literature. <a href='http://ezproxy.ups.edu/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/223472'> Portes, A. (1998). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. <i>Annual Review of Sociology, 24</i>, 1-24.</a> -
Scholarly article
“In an effort at theoretical clarification, the authors reviewed 45 recent articles reporting empirical research employing the concept of 'social capital'.” <a href='http://www.jstor.org/stable/4007586'> Foley, M.W. & Edwards, B. (1999). Is it time to disinvest in social capital? <i>Journal of Public Policy, 19</i>(2), 199-231.</a> -
Research report
This report exemplifies the multidisciplinary nature of "social capital" as a concept. It “presents theoretical and empirical studies of social capital by a roster of leading sociologists, economists, and political scientists."
<a href='http://go.worldbank.org/DMYPEVBJH0'> Dasgupta, P. (Ed.). (1999). <i>Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective</i>. Washington, DC: World Bank.</a> -
NPR interview
Robert Putnam is interviewed by Robert Siegel the day before his new book, <i>Bowling Alone</i>, is released. Putnam, R. (2000, May 31). Interview by R. Siegel [Audio file]. All Things Considered, National Public Radio. -
Book
Putnam expands his argument into a new book called <i>Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community</i>. <a href='http://pugetsound.worldcat.org/oclc/43599073'> Putnam, R. D. (2000). <i>Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community.</i> New York: Simon & Schuster.</a> -
Website
The <i>Bowling Alone</i> website is launched at Harvard University as a companion to Putnam's book.
Bowling alone. (2011). Harvard Kennedy School of Government. Retrieved from http://www.bowlingalone.com -
Wikipedia entry
An online encyclopedia entry focusing on ‘social capital’ from a sociological perspective first appears in Wikipedia. <a href='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_capital'> Social capital. (2011). In <i>Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia</i>. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_capital</a> -
Reference book
An article on "Social Capital" appears in the <i>Encyclopedia of Social Theory</i>, describing major scholarly contributions to the concept. <a href='http://ezproxy.ups.edu/login?url=http://www.sage-ereference.com/view/socialtheory/n269.xml'> Prendergast, C. (2004). Social capital. In G. Ritzer (Ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of social theory</i>. Retrieved from http://www.sage-ereference.com/view/socialtheory/n269.xml</a> -
News editorial
An editorial in the <i>New York Times</i> argues for social capital skills to be included in public education. <a href='http://ezproxy.ups.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1158859412&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=8812&RQT=309&VName=HNP'> Brooks, D. (2005, November 13). Psst! ‘Human capital.’ <i>The New York Times</i>, p. C12.</a> -
Government document
This report is an example of how social capital research is informing studies being sponsored by government entities to assess the recovery of neighborhoods in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina.
Ritchie, L. A., Gill, D. A., & University of Colorado, Boulder. (2007). Enough is enough: Social capital in post-Katrina New Orleans : a study of neighborhoods affected by the 2007 tornadoes. Boulder, Colo: Natural Hazards Center. -
Reference book
The <i>Political and Civic Leadership</i> reference handbook includes an in-depth article on social capital. This work depends on the many scholars who have contributed to the topic, and provides a broad understanding of major theoretical developments and debates. <a href='http://ezproxy.ups.edu/login?url=http://www.sage-ereference.com//view/civicleadership/n69.xml'>
Wood, C. (2010). Social capital. In R.A. Couto (Ed.), <i>Political and Civic Leadership: A Reference Handbook</i>.</a> -
Blog
The Social Capital Review “works to advance digital civic literacy across diverse communities, and foster voluntary government transparency. This blog aims to cover the world of public engagement, and collaboration in public spheres.” Social capital review. (2010). Public Eye Northwest. Retrieved from http://socialcapitalreview.org -
Website
As an example of how Putnam's theory has been put into practice, the World Bank has developed tools for measuring social capital to inform its operations. Social capital: Measurement tools. (2011). The World Bank. Retrieved from http://go.worldbank.org/KO0QFVW770. </a>
