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The Impact of Jefferson on Education
Thomas Jefferson was the author of many books that endeavored to put the power of the government into the hands of the people. He wrote many documents, but his singular book, called "Notes" on the States of Virginia, had a segment that discussed his views on Education. He believed that Education should not be overly governed by the central government, but rather controlled at the local level.
ThomasJefferson, Education -
Northwest Land Ordinance, 1785
Thomas Jefferson was once again played a part in this ordinance. This allowed for a uniform and orderly process of settling the west, allowing for westward expansion in the US. Within this ordinance, "Borrowing from a New England practice, the Ordinance also provided that Section 16 in each township was to be reserved for the benefit of public education. All other sections were to be made available to the public at auction."
Ordinance of 1785 -
Common Schools and Horace Mann
This was a theory of having schools available to all children, regardless of the background of the students, for the betterment of society. Mann was a staunch advocate of this system of schooling and said that, "Without undervaluing any other human agency, it may be safely affirmed that the Common School...may become the most effective and benignant of all forces of civilization."
Horace Mann (1796-1859) -
Immigration in the 19th century
With over 22 million people immigrating into the US between 1880-1914, it became necessary to help these new comers to adapt to American way of life. Education along with, marriage, language, and job opportunities, were several ways that these new Americans would adjust and blend into the Tossed Salad that is the American blend. People Growth of US Population: Growth Through Immigration -
Committee of Ten
This group of men was mostly composed of distinguished professors and University Presidents. They created a standard curriculum which high school students could shoot for as they prepared for the Academic rigors of the University.
WHY DISRUPT? -
Secondary School Movement
During the early 20th century, many factors began leading towards an expansion in the High School system, which dates back in America as early as Boston in 1821. The rise in farmers moving into the cities, and a greater need for business professionals, among other things led to an increased need to educate young people for White Collar Jobs.
Growth of Public High Schools -
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The Progressive Reform Movement
This was a movement that was brought about by the work of local, state and national leaders, and greatly supported by the administration of President Teddy Roosevelt. This led to the dismantling of monopolies, the beginning of the of City Commissioners and spread of National parks, and the passing of various congressional acts and Constitutional Amendments.
Progressive Era Reform -
The Measurement Movement (IQ, Thorndike, Terman)
Lewis Terman was one who championed the use of testing ones intelligence in Americas schools and in the Military. Thorndike popularized this idea with his book, "A Century of Ability Testing."
Intelligence - Measurement -
The Impact of WW2 on Education
The end of WWII resulted in a huge spike of births as soldiers returned home, and came to be known as the BabyBoomer generation. Many more elementary schools were built around this time, and a variety of vocational, home economics, and agricultural programs began to be offered to Secondary Students.
Education after World War II -
Brown vs. Board of Education, 1954
In this landmark Supreme Case, the swift hand of interpretive law proclaimed that schools in the US should no longer be segregated, but should thenceforth be equal and welcome to all races. As the SCOTUS proclaimed it, " the opportunity of an education... where the state has undertaken to provide it, is a right which must be made available to all on equal terms."
Brown v. Board of Education -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
This law was put forth under the Presidency of LBJ, who believed that the "full educational opportunity" should be the nations most important primary goal. This legislation focused on increased grants for low income students and communities, and libraries textbooks, and other various things.
History of ESEA -
Growth of Standardized Testing
Standard tests become the foundational resource US public schools use to measure the intellect of a child. " ...Students' scores on these tests do not provide an accurate index of educational effectiveness..."
Why Standardized Tests Don't Measure Educational Quality
History of Standardized Testing in the United States -
Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act, 1975
This law made it so that schools would be required to offer education to students with disabilities. This education would be free via FAPE and tailored to their individual needs. This Act was previously known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act.
IDEA—the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act -
Charter Schools and Vouchers
School Choice would allow some or all of the funds for public education to follow a child to the school of their choice, whether it be Private, Public, or Home school. Today, States provide funds to charter schools, via Title 1 of The Elementary and Secondary Education Act .
Not Everyone Has a Choice
School Choice Info -
No Child Left Behind, 2001
This Federal law up-scaled Federal Involvement in holding schools accountable for student achievement. The purpose of the law was to make the US more competitive in the world, and to help close the gap between poor, low level achieving students and richer, more excelling students.
No Child Left Behind: An Overview -
Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015
This is the Obama administration re-authorization of the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act. This act supposedly gives greater wiggle room for States in how they manage the education within their States.
The Every Student Succeeds Act: An ESSA Overview
