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800 BCE
The Rise of the Polis (City-States)
The concept of the polis (city-state) emerges across Greece, marking the transition from tribal societies to organized city-states. Key early examples include Athens, Sparta, Corinth, and Thebes. -
776 BCE
The First Olympic Games
The first Olympic Games are held in Olympia, a major religious and cultural event that would become central to Greek identity and a symbol of unity among city-states. -
Period: 750 BCE to 700 BCE
The Homeric Epics
Homer, traditionally credited with composing the Iliad and the Odyssey, lays the foundation for Greek literature and culture. These epics offer insights into Greek values, heroes, and divine relations. -
Period: 750 BCE to 600 BCE
Colonial Expansion
During this period, Greeks establish colonies around the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Key colonies include Massilia (modern Marseille), Cumae in Italy, and Byzantium (modern Istanbul). This expansion leads to cultural exchange and spread of Greek influence. -
621 BCE
Draco’s Legal Code in Athens
Draco codifies the first written laws of Athens, often associated with extreme punishments. His legal reforms are a precursor to later democratic developments in Athens. -
594 BCE
Solon’s Reforms in Athens
Solon, a statesman and poet, introduces a series of democratic reforms in Athens, including debt relief, reorganization of social classes, and new legal codes. His reforms lay the groundwork for Athenian democracy. -
560 BCE
Pisistratus Becomes Tyrant of Athens
Pisistratus seizes power in Athens and becomes a tyrant. He stabilizes the city-state, promotes cultural growth, and enhances trade. His reign marks a shift away from aristocratic rule toward centralized power. -
546 BCE
The Conquest of Ionia by Persia
Cyrus the Great of Persia defeats the Lydians, leading to the incorporation of Greek cities in Ionia (modern-day western Turkey) into the Persian Empire. This creates tensions between Greek city-states and Persia. -
509 BCE
The Overthrow of the Tyrants in Athens
The aristocratic class, led by Cleisthenes, overthrows the tyranny of the Pisistratids, setting the stage for the Athenian democracy. Cleisthenes' reforms establish the basis for Athens' later political structure. -
508 BCE
Cleisthenes’ Democratic Reforms in Athens
Cleisthenes establishes democracy in Athens, introducing new political institutions such as the Council of 500, giving all male citizens a say in government. -
507 BCE
The Persian Wars Begin
The Persian Empire begins its attempt to expand into Greece, leading to a series of conflicts between the Greeks and the Persians. Darius I of Persia invades the Greek mainland, beginning the Persian Wars. -
490 BCE
The Battle of Marathon
The Battle of Marathon sees the Athenians, under the leadership of Miltiades, defeat the much larger Persian force. This victory boosts Athenian morale and confidence, marking a significant moment in Greek military history. -
480 BCE
The Battle of Thermopylae and Salamis
The Battle of Thermopylae sees King Leonidas of Sparta and his 300 soldiers make a heroic stand against the Persian army, though they are ultimately defeated. Meanwhile, the Greek navy achieves a decisive victory over the Persians at the Battle of Salamis, preserving Greek independence.