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Alliances: Dual Alliance
Germany and Austria-Hungary joind forces to fight agains their enemies. -
Alliances: Triple Alliance
Italy joins the Dual Alliance. This makes France and Russia get nervous and make their own alliance against them. -
Alliances: Franco-Russian Alliance
This was an alliance between France and Russia in order to fight against the Triple alliance. -
The great powers in 1900
In this times five european nations controlled almost all the world. They were:
1. Britain
2. France
3. Russia
4. Austria-Hungary
5. Germany -
The need for reform in Britain.
Poor people faced serious hardship in this year so it was neccesary to make something to solve it. -
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Tension builds
- Germany and Britain began an arms race (Germany built forty battleships and cruisers)
- The major powers made plans for war.
- There were two crises over Morocco
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Women's suffrage
- Women's rights in 1900 By this dates women couldn't vote in elections, their rights weren’t equal, but were getting better.
- The Campaign for the vote 1900-1914 Two groups of women wanted equal rights. Suffragist, which were moderate in their protests, and Suffragettes, which were more direct and got at bombing houses as Yoid George's.
- Women and the vote 1918-1928 Women over 30 and householders got the vote . Also women over 21 married with householders could vote.
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Alliances: Entente Cordiale
This was an agreement between France and Britain to not fight between them. It was only that becaus each one had its own alliances. -
Crisis in Morocco
There's a crisis in Morocco called the Moroccan crisis -
Germany and Britain began an arms race
Britain built the first Dreadnought. -
Laws to help children
After this year the britanian liberals brought in social reforms to help children because children, as they were defenseless, needed special protections. -
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The liberal reforms
- There was a need for reform.
- Conservatives, liberals and the Labour Party had different attitudes to poverty.
- There were approved laws to help poor children.
- There were approved laws to help old people as state pensions.
- There were approved laws for the protection of working people. 7: Effects of liberal reforms: The liberal reforms left some problems unsolved but it changed attitudes to helping the poor.
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Alliances: Triple Entente
Russia joint to the agreement that Britain and France sign to not fight between them. -
Germany and Britain began an arms race
5 Germany built its own version of the Dreadnought but Britain had a new arm, bigger kind. -
Trouble in the balkans
Austria seized Bosnia and Herzegovina. -
The major powers made plans for war
- Germany tries to do the Schlieffen Plan but it fails.
- France prepared the plan 17 to recapture Alsace-Lorraine.
- Britain had an army of 150.000 men so the Territorial Army was set up.
- Russia and Austria started to mobilize
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Laws for the Protection of working people
The trade board act was passed this year. It setted a minimum wage for all workers of Britain.
The Labour Exchange Act was approved this year and setted up job centres. -
Effects of Liberal Reforms
The liberals had to call a General Election in 1910 because there was a need of reform. Lloyd George wanted to raise taxes to pay for the reforms. -
Crisis in Morocco
There's a crisis in Morocco called the Agadir Crisis. -
The National Insurance Act
This act was approved this year and had two parts.
One, which helped with health insurance, and the other, which setted up unemployment benefit for a few trades. -
Germany and Britain began an arms race
Britain had 29 Dreadnoughts while Germany only 17. -
The outbreak of war.
Princip, which was a member of the Black Hand (Serbian Nationalist Group) killed the archducke of Franz Ferdinand, heir of the Austrian throne. This event marks the start of the FWW because all countries started to movilize and attack. -
The war to end the world
“It’ll be over by Xmas” was one of the latest wars. -
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Attitudes to the War in Britain
At the start the war looked like an adventure, as a way of showing how important was their country. They saw war like that because mass media of that dates censured information for people to be voluntereed to participate in the war.
When ordinary people saw what were going on, their attitudes changed. They started to see war as something very dangerous. -
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Attack system of the First World War
On the land, the attacks were divided in two flanks. In each flank were trenches which were protected with barbed wire. In the trenches the soldiers used machine guns for attacking. It as easy to attack the trenches because arms were made for breaking the barbed wire.
Then, when tanks appeared, it was easier to attack by land.
By air, the aircraft was used for surveillance and bombing.
By sea, U-Boats were used by the germans to have control all over the sea. -
The British Expeditionary Force
By this date Britain declared war on Germany because he doesn't want to withdraw its troops from Belgium and as Belgium was neutral, Britain sign with it a pack in which if someone attaked them, Britain would help them. Germany wanted to invade France crossing Belgium and attacking the capital, París. (The Schlieffen Plan).
After this, the BEF needed more men. -
The Battle of the Somme
It was one of the longes and the bloodiest wars of the FWW. It killed more than one million of people, including members of the two bands, France and Britain in one side, and Germany in the other. -
Conscription Introduction
The British Government introduced conscription this year because many people was voluntereed to fight in the war but as it wans't enough, British needed more men. -
Gallipoli Campaign
In this campaing British, Canadians, Australians and New Zealanders wanted to recover Constantinopla (nowadasy Estambul) from the Ottomans. Finally, in 1916 they recovered this city. -
Battle of Jutland
The German and British navies clashed at Jutland. There was a fight between them an there wans't a clear winner because the british lost more ships and men but they destroyed the german squad. The Battle of Jutland led to more U-boat attacks from Germany. -
The End of fighting
- Russia is pulled out of the war because it had its own civil war.
- In April USA joined the allies.
- Germany had to attack before all the Americans arrived.
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The war to end the world
“The war to end all wars” was the last war. It settled the looser and the winner countries. It also change the mentality of the people. Now, they saw the war with other eyes. After this, it was seen as and adventure. -
Food Rationing
Food rationing started in Britain this year because due to the U-Boat activity at sea it was difficult to transport food to Britain. Merchant ships were protected by Navy convoys and inmediatle, Britain started to grow more food. -
Treaties after Versailles Treaty.
Winner countries made treaties which looser countries:
St. Germain (1919) with Austria
Trianon (1920) with Hungary
Neully (1919) with Bulgaria
Sèvres (1920) with Turkey -
The Versailles Treaty
This treaty settle the winner and the looser countries. Germany and its allies, who lost the wasr, had to accept all the moral and the material responsability, paying 6.6 billion of pounds to repair all the damages made. This amount of money was reduced later.
Germany doesn't like this treaty and this made problems which later were the causes of the SWW. -
League of Nations
This League was setted up this year. It was intended to police the world but it didn't. The League has lots of problems and a big amount of problems were the causes of the SWW. As USA doesn't joint the League it wasn't powerfull enough. The League had four main aims:
- Stopping aggression
- Disarmament
- Encouraging cooperation
- Improving living and working conditions
But didn't work as it was expected. -
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Boom and Bust in the 20's
- Changes in European Politics: Fascism was raising very fast and was imposible to stop it. Many countries had dictatorships and democracies as Italian had problems.
- Booming Twenties Most countries were getting richer but behind the prosperity were signs of trouble. Also many european countries had US debts. Many European countries had US debts.
- The causes of the Great Depression As the boom encouraged borrowing money and Europe couldn’t afford US goods the wall street clash in 1929.
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The Weimar Republic
When the german Kaiser abdicated the goverment was settled in Weimar because Berlin wasn't save, but it had many problems and as Germany couldn't pay the money of the war people was discontent. Later, Germany begun to recover but they still depended on US money. -
Trade Unions: Rise of Socialism
Socialist ideas were more popular than ever in Britain. Because of this, the workers wanted their own party to support their ideas because any party which existed in that times supported workers as socialist ideas they had.
Passed 24 years from people wanted to found a Labour Party and finally, they got into the government in this year. -
General Strike in Britain.
Trouble in the coal industry led to the General Strike in Britain because in this time Trade Unions were in a strong position.
The General Strike began when the subsidy ended but it dind't lasted to much, Strikers couldn't close the country and the Strike’s failure was a blow to the unions. -
All women's vote now!
After this time only women over 30 years being householders could vote of if they were over 21 and had married with a householder. From this year the vote was equally for all women over 21 years old. -
The Depression in Britain
The FWW drained britain resources and so its industries were outdated. The goverment introduce dole, whch was the main help for unemployed families. Also the Import Duties Act of 1932 helped British industry and in the mid-30s the depression began to lift.
Writers described the problems of the poor people. Some people made protests but they hadn't any result.
The Depression changed attitudes to poverty in the British. -
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The breakdown of international order 1929-1939
In this period the depression continues due to the US loads to european countries. Many dictators came into power because people thought changes were neccesary (unemployment, poverty etc). Japan expanded its territories and USA couldn't stop them ( Japan was seen as a threat), Itally was ruled by a dictator called Mussolini and in Spains we had the Civil War between franquists and republicans. -
The Rise of Hitler
Adolf Hitler was the Nazi leader. Nazis became popular because they guaranteed employment to german people and said that foreign people weres removing their jobs.
The elections of this year showed Nazi gains but Hindenburg refused to give the Nazis power. -
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Hitler comes to power
The Nazis lost seats in the elections but as they used dirty tricks, they win the elections this year. Hitler changed the Law to gain control. This made hitler very powerfull and because of this, he caused millions of innocent deaths
Here we have a video which shows one of his famous murders, ''The night of the long knives'' http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mci4fAV1Wto -
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Nazi Germany
The Nazis controlled all information but they weren't so bad because Hitler gave work to 6 million unemployed. People were encouraged to work by rewards and because of this and many people was voluntereed, Hitler re-armed the Germany military. There was no real opposition to the Nazis because Hitler controlled young people’s beliefs. Hitler believed the Germans were a super-race and hate the Jews.
Hitler’s foreign policy helped start another war and it started in 1939 caused by him. -
Italy under Mussolini
Mussolini was the fascist dictator which ruled Italy in this times. Although he was a dictator, he achieved some good things to his nation. Mussolini was ruthless and cowardly at times and because of that he was very criticized.
Appart from killing lots of people, Mussolini invaded Abyssinia in this year. -
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Causes of the Second World War (1)
The atmosphere in Europe was tense. Hitler rised in the power in Germany by democratic elections and anyone could stop him. In March 1936 Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland to invaded it. After this, he turned his attention to Austria and also invaded it and after that, in 1938, Hitler pressurized Czechoslovakia.
Countries as Britain and France protested Germany and its politics because it weren't justified. The Munich Agreement between Britain, France, Italy and Germany settled some peace -
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The causes of the Second World War (2)
Hitler continued with his aggresive politic and In March 1939 he took over the rest of Czechoslovakia. Seen all the power that Germany had at this times, the URSS made a pact in which both countries agreed not to attack the other. Later Hitler would break it.
In 1939 the situation was too tense that the SWW started this year mainly because the FWW wasn't ended well (Treaty of Versailles damage looser countries more than winner countries. -
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Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil war was caused because conflicts between republicans and the revels (Bando Sublebado). The revels were mainly members of the army and were lidered by Francisco Franco. He wanted to control Spain and establish a dictatorship becase he and the army were tired of the bad organisation of the republican goverment. After years of war, Franco and its allies won the war and stablished a Fascist Dictatorship -
The Night of the Broken Glases
This is one of the Hitler's most famous murders in which he killed lots of jews.