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Friedrich Miescher
- First to describe DNA after he pulled it from a cell nuclei.
- He determined that DNA was not a protein but actually a rich nitrogen phosphorus
- He was a Swiss student studying cell metabolism and nucleic acids. -This photo is showing DNA extraction from a cell
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Frederick Griffith
-Attempted to find a cure for pneumonia
-Discovered that good bacteria can turn into bad bacteria (by the transfer of genetic information) through the use of the transforming principle
-He was a British bacteriilogist
-The photo is showing the good bacteria and the bad bacteria being injected into a mouse nad it's effects -
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
-Rosalind was a crystallographer who took pictures of mnay different molelcues
-She was the first to take a accuarte picture of DNA (Photo 51)
-Wilkin's assisted Roslaind throughout all expierments and helped her ecord data
-They worked togeter at King's College
-The photo below is Photo 51, the first picture of what DNA actually looked like -
Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty and Colin McCleod
-Trying to find the substance that was termed the 'transforming' pricple
-The result of this expierment was that taits are diverse and protiens are the most diverse of biological molelcues
-This expierment was able ot understand and conform Griffith expiremnt
-Discovered DNA is a nucelic Acid
-The expierment was anmed after all three of the sceintists
-This photo is showing the different substances that being added into solutions in order to find the 'transforming' pricple -
Barbara McClintock
-Proved chromosmes caryy genetics which confirmed her idea of cytogentic techniquies
-Went on to observe alleles to show that there is no actual pattern in the process on genome replication
-Won a Noble Peace Prize
-The picture below is a photo of Barbara McClintock and chromosmes because that is what she studied in order to infom us about how it relates to DNA -
Linus Pauling
-Discovered that proteins have different spiral structures and the double helix is related to DNA
-He was the one who allowed for other scientists to find out the DNA codes for all different organisms
-He was reffered to as the "Founder of Molecular biology" by many people
-The photo below is a picture of linus Pauling holding one of his models that he built in order ot show a DNA structure -
Erwin Chargaff
-Discovered that DNA compositon is species spefic ( different organisms have different amounts of nitrogen bases)
-He worked on base pairing ( Adenine to Thymine always being a pair, Guanine to Cytosine always a pair)
-Figured out that there is always equal amounts of base pairs
-He was a Austro-hungarian biochemist
-The photo below is a picture of the differne tnitrogen bases being balanced on a scale because Erwin Chargaff fiured out that the abses are a equal amount on each bases -
James Watson and Frances Crick
-Thought that DNA was a hecial pattern of a secondary structure
-Used X-rays and models to show and solve the mystery of how DNA is put together
-Discovered DNA was a double helic
-Worked along side Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
-The picture below is James Watson and Frances Crick standing next to one of thier models of a double helix DNA -
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
-Proved that DNA was ntoa protien and satifies the first property of herdity
-Specialized with bacteriaphage virus. this was able to prove that DNA is not a protien
-The expierment composed by them was called the 'blender' expierment
- This was able to rpove that DNA was not a protien but a genetic material
-The photo belows shows a picture of what is happening in the 'blender' expierment and how it is able to prove DNA is a genetic material -
Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl
- Confirmed Watson's and Crick's DNA structure of a double helix -Thier expierments showed and explain how DNA is able to be replicated -In their experiment, they modified molecules for them to have different density and separated by density -Worked at California Insitute of Technology -The photo below is showing the different density used in Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl expierment in order to find the structure of a double helix
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Kary Mullis
-An invented process called the polymerase chain reaction
-The process is able to copy a small amount of DNA, transfer them into large amounts of DNA in a short period of time
- This is able to happen because the DNA separates due to major heat and the work of an enzyme
-The new DNA is then created and can start to repeat itself, the process will happen quickly in order for DNA to made at a faster rate
-Earned Japan prize
-The picture below is the different methods used in this expierment -
Paul Berg
-Discovered a new enzyme
-The enzyme was able to help create many things
-The two main things it helped create were nucelic Acids and Acyl- Adenylates
-His expierment won a Noble Peace Prize
-The picture below is the differnet methods sued by the enzymes i order to create a protection level -
Frederick Sanger
-Developed 'dideoxy' method used in DNA sequences
-this expierment was used to determinded the different sequences of many different types of nucitides
-Head of the Division of Protein Chemistry in the M.R.C.
-The photo below is chain of the DNA sequences -
J. Craig Venter
-Developed a method for finding genes
-The reason he did this was for it to be a cheaper anf faster project than the human Gene project
-Assembled the human genome in 3-4 years
-Devloped the genome shotgun sequence
- Was a Navy seal and while depoled got interesed in sceince which lead to his carrer
-The photo below is J. Craig Venter infornt of his gene chart that helped him assemble the human genome
