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Articles of Confederation
The Articles created a national government that limited the rights of the states to conduct their own diplomacy and foreign policy. -
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Evolution of American Citizenship
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Naturalization Act of 1790
Naturalization Act: This Act excluded non-white people from becoming a citizen. This limited the right to become a citizen to white people who had resided in the United States for at least two years, displayed great moral character, and swore adherence to the Constitution. The children of legal citizens who were under 21 could also become citizens. -
The Naturalization Act of 1795
The Naturalization Act of 1795 changed the residency period for citizenship from two to five years. Immigrants had to reject allegiance to any foreign government and disbarred British citizens who fought against the United states in the Revolutionary War. -
The Naturalization Act of 1798
Immigration laws known as the Alien and Sedition Acts were passed. The Naturalization Act of 1798 changed the residency period for citizenship from five to 14 years, expired 1802. This Act promoted deportation, arrest, and imprisonment. -
Irish Immigrants spoke out against Aliens and Sedition Acts
Irish Immigrants voiced their concerns about the Alien and Sedition laws. These laws targeted Irish and French immigrants to prevent political subversion. -
Naturalization Act of 1804
Naturalization Act of allowed widows and children of deceased male declarant could become citizens after taking the required oath. -
Naturalize Immigrants
The United States declared its ability to Naturalize Immigrants. The United States declared war on Britain because of the desire to expand into British and Spanish territories and end British involvement with U.S. trade. The United States wanted to mitigate British influence in North America. -
American Colonization Society
Paul Cuffee a free man of Aquinnah Wampanoag and West African Ashanti descent, traveled with other free African Americans to settle in Sierra Leon. . Cuffee established the Friendly Society of Sierra Leone and the African Institution. He wanted to create a Black-led emigration movement because he believed that White people in the United States would never treat Black people equally and they would be better off somewhere. His voyages inspired the creation of the American Colonization Society. -
American Colonization Society
The American Colonization Society (ACS) intended to send only free African Americans to West Africa. Paul Cuffee proposed a Black-led emigration movement to the African continent that would include African Americans who were freed from slavery. The White-led American Colonization Society proposed migrating only free African Americans without interrupting the system of slavery. -
American Colonization Society
The American Colonization society (ACS)pleased those in the North who advocated for abolition and colonization , while the South advocated for the relocation of free Black people to alleviate concern between enslaved people. ACS worked with lawmakers to create laws that pressured free Black people to migrate. The American Colonization Society was committed to keeping the United States a White country by making sure Black Americans would not become U.S. citizens. -
Article 44
The Article of 44 allowed descendants of their blood and African and Indians, who were born in the colonies or in foreign countries and resided in the Republic of Haiti, to be recognized as Haitians after one year of residency. Haitian leaders supported the idea of free Black Americans relocating to Haiti. -
Mass Black Protest
The first mass Black protest rejected the American Colonization Society proposal to relocate liberated African Americans to West Africa. They declared that the United States was also their land, and they memorialized the African Americans who fought on both sides or the Revolutionary War for freedom and liberation. -
Missouri Compromise
The first Missouri Compromise led to Missouri being admitted as a slave state, Maine becoming a free state, and the banning of slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the southern border of Missouri. The Second Missouri Compromise was that the new constitution could keep the controversial clause if the new state guaranteed that it would not interpret the clause as regulating the freedom and immunity of U.S. citizens. -
Black Laws
Rapid growth of Africans in Cincinnati. City authorities enforced Black laws and ordered them to follow bond requirements or leave within 30 days. -
The Indian Removal Act
The Indian Removal act denied U.S. Citizenship to Native Americans and relocated five Nations such as: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee Creek Maskókî, and Seminole tribes. These five nations settled in modern-day central and eastern Oklahoma alongside 21 other Native nations. -
Migration
Many Black people migrated to Canada to create free colonies Black communities and white communities began organizing to repeal black laws in Ohio. -
Petitioned The state to repeal Black Laws
African Americans in Ohio petitioned the State to repeal its Black Laws. Organizers used their residency in Ohio as the foundation for their claims to end racial discrimination -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Annexation of a major portion of northern Mexico, El Norte, and granted citizenship to Mexicans who decided to remain in the territory. -
Passenger cases
New York and Massachusetts state laws-imposed taxes on immigrants. The Supreme Court established that states do not have the authority to enforce immigration restrictions. -
People V. Hall
The Court ruled that the Chinese man who witnessed a murder by a white man was invalid. Chinese along with Native and African Americans were denied the right to testify against whites -
Dred V. Scott
The Supreme Court denied slaves and African American the rights and privileges of citizenship in the United States. -
Coolie Trade
The Republican controlled Congress wanted to prevent the replacement of enslaved African Americans with unfree contract laborers in China. -
Emancipation Proclamation
President Abraham Lincoln executive order that freed slaves in Confederate States. -
Immigration Act
Encouraged Immigration -
Burlingame Treaty
Negotiation during construction of the Transcontinental Railroad depended on Chinese labor. This international agreement helped the US maintain access to Chinese workers by ensuring rights of free migration to both Chinese and Americans. -
14th Amendment
The fourteenth Amendment granted citizenship and equal rights to African Americans. -
Naturalization Act
Developed controls for the naturalization process and extended eligibility to immigrants of African nativity and African descent (right to vote). Excluded other groups such Asians from naturalization rights and access to citizenship. -
Page Law
First restrictive immigration law that prohibited forced labor and banned Chinese women from migrating to the United states to work as a prostitute. -
Chy Lung V. Freeman
Granted federal government sole authority to regulate immigration. -
Chinese Exclusion Act
Targeted Chinese immigrants for restriction; identified by race and class for limited legal entry and ineligibility for citizenship. -
Immigration Act
Immigration legislation expanded ranks -
Elk V. Wilkins
The Fourteenth Amendment did not apply to Native Americans who didn't gain citizenship by birth. -
Scott Act
Extended authority immigration to improve enforcement of Chinese exclusion laws. -
Immigration Act
Congress recognized the challenges of enforcing immigration. They established a Bureau that is responsible for processing immigrants and enforcing immigrations restrictions. -
Immigration Act
The law Centralized the immigration authority of the government, extended immigration inspection to land borders and expanded the list of deportable and excludable immigrants. -
Plessy V. Ferguson
Racial segregation was validated because it was believed that the protection principles of the fourteenth Amendment could be honored with facilities that were "separate but equal" -
Expatriation Act
This Act stripped citizenship away from U.S. born women when they married noncitizen immigrant men. -
Emergency Quota Act
The law limits the number immigrants of each nationality that is allowed to immigrate to the United States. -
The Cable Act
Restored citizenship to women who lost citizenship due to the Expatriation Act. -
Legal Treatise
Abolitionist William Yates created the first legal treatise, which argued that free Black Americans were citizens and entitled to the same rights as other citizens. -
Bracero Agreement
The government negotiated with the Mexican government to get Mexican workers and all men without their families to work on farms and other war industries. This continued until 1964. -
Executive Order
Wartime executive order signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt that authorized the round up and incarceration of Japanese Americans who lived within 100 miles of the West Coast. (1942-1945) -
War Brides Act
Authorized the admission of the foreign-born spouses and children of U.S. citizens serving in or discharged from the armed forces. -
Displaced Persons Act
Congress authorized admissions for refugees from Europe and allowed asylum seekers already in the United States to regularize their status. -
Immigration and Nationality Act
Established that officers would screen Nationals for admissibility to the U.S.. -
Refugee Relief Act
Provided visas to refugees -
Immigration and Nationality Act
Set main principles for immigration regulations.
Applied a system of preferences for family reunification, employment, and refugees. -
Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act
The United States provided Vietnamese and Southeast Asians with resources to establish new lives. -
Refugee Act
Created a permanent system for admitting and resettling refugees into the United States. -
Chinese Student Protection Act
Permitted Chinese students living in the United States to gain legal permanent status. -
Homeland Security Act
Response to the September 11 attack -
Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry
Government expanded the budget, staffing, and powers of the immigration enforcement Bureaucracy -
Secure Fence Act
Mandated that the Security of Homeland Security act immediately to achieve operative control over U.S. international land and maritime borders. -
Deferred Action For Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents
Executive order issued deferred deportation and other protections for unauthorized immigrants whose children were either American citizens or permanent residents. -
Muslim Ban
Executive orders that refused travel and refugee resettlement from predominantly Muslim countries. -
Public Charge of Inadmissibility
Homeland Security finalized a rule that expanded the list of received benefits.