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Incarnate Word of Brownsville
In 1853, four nuns founded the Incarnate Word of Brownsville (in Brownsville, TX) to provide an education for females between ages 5 and 18 from the more wealthy Tejanos families. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-0-387-71943-6_9 -
The California School Law of 1860
This law stated (in part) that:
"Negroes, Mongolians and Indians shall not be admitted into the public schools; and whenever satisfactory evidence is furnished to the Superintendent of Public Instruction to show that said prohibited parties are attending such schools, he may withhold from the district in which such schools are situated, all share of the State School Funds ..." http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=aalj -
One Negro Teacher
In 1871, schools in Virginia employed one "Negro teacher" for every 232 school-aged African-American children after previously declaring that "…white and colored persons shall not be taught in the same school but in separate schools…" the year before in 1870. http://www.scrabbleschool.org/Timeline.shtml -
Civil Institute of Higher Studies
The Civil Institute of Higher Studies was founded in 1882 as a Puerto Rican initiative whose plan of study included Spanish, Latin, the geography of Spain, universal history, and elements of physiology and hygiene, as well as elements of agriculture, French or English, and religion and moral instruction. http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1231/Puerto-Rico-HISTORY-BACKGROUND.html -
Atlanta Compromise
The Atlanta Compromise was an agreement brokered by Booker T. Washington with other African-American leaders and Southern White leaders which stated that Southern Blacks would work and submit to White political rule, while Southern Whites guaranteed that Blacks would receive basic education and due process in law. Additionally, Northern Whites would fund Black educational charities. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/atlanta-compromise-speech -
Chinese Primary School
Due to the challenge of changing demographics in 1905, the San Francisco School Board established a segregated Chinese Primary School for Chinese children, including those who were American-born, and Japanese students. http://asiasociety.org/education/asian-americans-then-and-now -
Scrabble School
As an excellent example of the historic "Rosenwald" schools, the Scrabble School was built in Rappahannock County, Virginia, during the Jim Crow era of segregation to provide an elementary education to African-American children. http://www.scrabbleschool.org/Timeline.shtml -
Mendez vs Westminster
Before Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, Sylvia Mendez sued after being turned away from a “whites only” public school in California in 1947. Resultantly, the courts ruled it unconstitutional to segregate students of Mexican heritage into inferior schools. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/18-major-moments-hispanic-history_us_55f70275e4b042295e370d3c -
National Association for Multicultural Education (NAME)
The National Association for Multicultural Education (NAME) was founded in 1990 as the premier national and international organization committed to issues of equity, inclusion, diversity, and justice in schooling. https://nameorg.org/ -
Mexican-American Studies Banned In Arizona
Following allegations that an experimental Mexican-American Studies curriculum in Tucson, Arizona politicized students, Republican politicians passed legislation to shut it down. Under pressure from state officials, the local board of education dismantled the program, credited by independent researchers with boosting student achievement and fostering critical thinking skills. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/arizona-mexican-american-studies_us_59510a8be4b0da2c731ce325
