History of Oceanography Carmen Ruiz 6

Prince Henry the Navigator

Jan 13, 1394

Infanite prince of The Kingdom of Portugal, who sponsered various Expidtion.

Ptolemy

Jan 7, 1482

Following Marinos, Ptolemy assigned coordinates to all the places and geographic features he knew, in a grid that spanned the globe. Latitude was measured from the equator, as it is today, but Ptolemy preferred in book 8 to express it as the length of the longest day rather than degrees of arc (the length of the midsummer day increases from 12h to 24h as one goes from the equator to the polar circle).

SONAR

Jan 7, 1490

Sonar (originally an acronym for SOund Navigation And Ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation Although some animals (dolphins and bats) have used sound for communication and object detection for millions of years, use by humans in the water is initially recorded by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1490: a tube inserted into the water was said to be used to detect vessels by placing an ear to the tube

James Cook

Nov 7, 1728

Captain James Cook FRS RN (7 November 1728[1] – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator and cartographer, ultimately rising to the rank of Captain in the Royal Navy. Cook made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean during which he achieved the first European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands as well as the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand

Benjamin Franklin

Jan 5, 1777

Determined that it took mail
ships coming from Europe.
In 1777 published
the first map of the Gulf
Stream after discovering the surface currents.
Suggested use of thermometers
to locate warm waters of G.S.

Challenger Expidition

Dec 7, 1872

First large-scale voyage with the
purpose of increasing knowledge of the
distribution of life in the ocean and of
the chemical and physical properties of
the ocean.
-December 1872 to May 1876 – 4 year
trip
-Most ambitious ocean exploration
project at the time
-Traveled 68,000 miles

Matthew Maury

Jan 5, 1873

1806-1873 US Navy officer who compiled
Navel Charts and Instrumentations that when
used, logged, and compiled allowed sailors to
avoid catastrophic weather conditions,
currents, and tides.
In 1853 established uniform methods of
making nautical and meteorological
observations at sea.
This standardization greatly increased the
dependability of such data summarized in his
publication The Physical Geography of the
Sea.

Bathysphere

Jan 13, 1928

Designed by Captin John H. J. Butler.
The sphere was fitted with 3-inch-thick windows made of fused quartz, the strongest transparent material then available, and had a 400-pound entrance hatch which was bolted down before a descent.
The Bathysphere was just an earlier version of the submarine.