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Jan 1, 1045
1. Pi Sheng invents movable type
This allows for characters to be individually placed for printing seprately.
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Jan 1, 1276
2. Printing Arrives in Europe
Europe starts a paper mill in Fabriano, Italy, making printing a new revolutionary idea.
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Jan 1, 1450
3.Gutenberg’s invention of the perfected printing press
A printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), that transfers the ink. Typically used for texts, the invention and spread of the printing press are widely regarded as the most influential events.
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Apr 6, 1453
4. Fall of Constantinople to the Turks
The capture of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, which occurred after a siege by the Ottoman Empire. -
Jan 1, 1460
5. Albrecht Pfister Adds Illustrations to Books
One of the very first European printers to use movable type, following its invention by Johannes Gutenberg. Working in Bamberg, Germany, he is believed to have been responsible for two innovations in the use of the new technology: printing books in the German language, and adding woodcuts to printed books. -
Jan 1, 1470
6. Nicolas Jenson sets news standard for Roman type.
a French engraver, pioneer printer and type designer who carried out most of his work in Venice. Jenson acted as Master of the French Royal Mint at Tours, and is accredited with being the creator of the first model roman type. Nicholas Jenson has been something of iconic figure among students of early printing since the nineteenth century when the aesthete William Morris praised the beauty and perfection of his roman font. -
Oct 30, 1485
7. Henry VII of England Coronation
King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizing the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death on 21 April 1509, as the first monarch of the House of Tudor. Henry won the throne when he defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. -
Jun 23, 1492
8. Columbus’s discovery of America
Columbus initiated European exploration and colonization of the American continents, and are thus of great significance in world history. Christopher Columbus was a navigator and an admiral for Castile, a country that later founded modern Spain. He made four voyages to the Americas, with his first in 1492, which resulted in what is widely referred to as the Discovery of America. -
May 23, 1498
9. Execution of Girolamo Savonarola and 2 Other Friars
The three friars were led out into the main square where, before a tribunal of high clerics and government officials, they were condemned as heretics and schismatics, and sentenced to die forthwith. Stripped of their Dominican garments in ritual degradation, they mounted the scaffold in their thin white shirts. Each on a separate gallows, they were hanged, while a fire was ignited below them to consume their bodies. To prevent devotees from searching for relics, their ashes were scattered. -
Aug 7, 1498
10. Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper
The Last Supper is a 15th century mural painting in Milan created by Leonardo da Vinci for his patron Duke Ludovico Sforza and his duchess Beatrice d'Este. It represents the scene of The Last Supper from the final days of Jesus as it is told in the Gospel of John 13:21 -
Mar 9, 1503
11. Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa
The half-length portrait of a woman by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci, which has been acclaimed as "the best known, the most visited, and the most written about" work of art. The Mona Lisa is also known as La Gioconda or La Joconde, or Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo -
Apr 16, 1503
12. Michelangelo’s David
David is a masterpiece of Renaissance sculpture created between 1501 and 1504, by the Italian artist Michelangelo. It is a 5.17-meter marble statue of a standing male nude. The statue represents the Biblical hero David, a favoured subject in the art of Florence. -
May 20, 1506
13. Christopher Columbus
- On 20 May 1506, aged probably 54, Columbus died in Valladolid, Spain. According to a study, published in February 2007, by Antonio Rodriguez Cuartero, Department of Internal Medicine of the University of Granada, he died of a heart attack caused by reactive arthritis.
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Period: Feb 18, 1516 to Nov 17, 1558
[Mary I of England]
She was the only surviving child born of the ill-fated marriage of Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon. Edward was mortally ill and because of religious differences between them, he attempted to remove Mary from the line of succession. the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, Mary is remembered for her restoration of Roman Catholicism. -
Oct 27, 1516
14. Sir Thomas More’s Utopia
Utopia is a work of fiction and political philosophy by Thomas More published in 1516. English translations of the title include A Truly Golden Little Book, No Less Beneficial Than Entertaining, of the Best State of a Republic, and of the New Island Utopia and A Fruitful and Pleasant Work of the Best State of a Public Weal, and of the New Isle Called Utopia. The book, written in Latin, is primarily depicting a fictional island society and its religious, social and political customs. -
Oct 31, 1517
15. Posts 95 Theses on the Castle Church Door
The background to Luther's Ninety-Five Theses centers on practices within the Catholic Church regarding baptism and absolution. Significantly, the Theses rejected the validity of indulgences. They also view with great cynicism the practice of indulgences being sold, and thus the penance for sin representing a financial transaction rather than genuine contrition. Luther's Theses argued that the sale of indulgences were a gross violation of the original intention of confession and penance.
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Aug 16, 1518
16. Inquisition on Luther begins in Rome
Emperor Maximilian denounced Luther as a heretic and in 1518 The Papal Court ordered an inquisition in Rome. He was lost during this time, there are no records.
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Jan 12, 1519
17. Death of Emperor Maximillian
1501, Maximilian fell from his horse, an accident that badly injured his leg and caused him pain for the rest of his life. Some historians have suggested that Maximilian was "morbidly" depressed: From 1514, he travelled everywhere with his coffin. Maximilian died in Wels, Upper Austria.
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Sep 15, 1519
18. Ferdinand Magellan sets out on voyage around the world
In September of 1519, they set sail for southern Spain with five ships—the Santiago, the San Antonio, the Conception, the Trinidad, and the Victoria. They sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and reached South America. They stocked up with goods and sailed down the coastline looking for a passage through or around the continent. They couldn't find a route through South America! Until October 1520 when they found a strait, now called the Strait of Magellan -
Jun 15, 1520
20. Papal Bull Exsurge Domine Issued
A papal bull issued on 15 June 1520 by Pope Leo X in response to the teachings of Martin Luther which opposed the views of the papacy. It censured forty one propositions extracted from Luther's 95 theses and subsequent writings, and threatened him with excommunication unless he recanted within a sixty day period.
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Jun 15, 1520
19. Inquisition on Luther Taken up Again
On 15 June 1520, the Pope warned Luther with the papal bull (edict) Exsurge Domine that he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the 95 Theses, within 60 days. That autumn, Johann Eck proclaimed the bull in Meissen and other towns. Karl von Miltitz, a papal nuncio, attempted to broker a solution, but Luther, who had sent the Pope a copy of On the Freedom of a Christian in October, publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at Wittenberg.
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May 23, 1524
21. Vasco da Gama Sea Voyage from Portugal to India
Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira, was the Portuguese explorer, and one of the most successful in the Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India -
May 23, 1533
22. Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn and has his previous marriage to Catherine of Aragon declared invalid
In the winter of 1532, Henry attended a meeting with Francis I of France at Calais in which he enlisted the support of the French king for his new marriage. Immediately upon returning to England, Henry and Anne went through a secret wedding service. She was soon pregnant and there was another wedding service in London on 25 January 1533. On 23 May 1533, Cranmer, sitting in judgment at a special court convened at Dunstable Priory to rule on the validity of the king's marriage to Catherine invalid -
Period: Sep 7, 1533 to
[Elizabeth I of England]
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May 7, 1535
23. Sir Thomas More executed by order of Henry VIII
More was executed on a scaffold erected on Tower Hill, London, just outside the Tower of London. A plaque and small garden commemorate the famed execution site and all those who were executed there, many as religious martyrs or as prisoners of conscience. His body, minus his head, was unceremoniously buried in an unmarked grave in the Royal Chapel of St. Peter Ad Vincula, within the walls of the Tower of London. -
May 24, 1543
24. Death of Nicolaus Copernicus
Copernicus died in Frauenburg on 24 May 1543. Legend has it that the first printed copy of De revolutionibus was placed in his hands on the very day that he died, allowing him to take farewell of his life's work. He is reputed to have awoken from a stroke-induced coma, looked at his book, and then died peacefully. -
Nov 17, 1558
25. Mary I of England dies
She had over 280 religious dissenters burned at the stake in the Marian Persecutions. Her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed after her death in 1558 by her successor and younger half-sister, Elizabeth I.Mary was weak and ill from May 1558, and died aged 42 at St. James's Palace during an influenza epidemic that also claimed the life of Reginald Pole later the same day. -
26. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet
Hamlet is a tragedy by William Shakespeare. Set inDenmark, the drama reveals the revenge Prince Hamlet on his uncle Claudius for murdering his father, and then succeeding to the throne and taking as his wife Gertrude, the old king's widow and Prince Hamlet's mother. The play vividly portrays both true and feigned madness. -
27. Elizabeth I of England Dies
The Queen's health remained fair until the autumn of 1602, when a series of deaths among her friends plunged her into a severe depression. She died on 24 March 1603 at Richmond Palace, between two and three in the morning. A few hours later, Cecil and the council set their plans in motion and proclaimed James VI of Scotland as King of England. -
28. Telescope Invented by Galileo
The design of these early refracting telescopes consisted of a convex objective lens and a concave eyepiece. Galileo used this design the following year.In 1611, Johannes Kepler described how a telescope could be made with a convex objective lens and a convex eyepiece lens and by 1655 astronomers such as Christiaan Huygens were building powerful but unwieldy Keplerian telescopes with compound eyepieces.Hans Lippershey is the earliest person documented to have applied for a patent for the device. -
29. Death of William Shakespeare
The cause of Shakespeare's death is unknown. Shakespeare's burial is recorded in the Stratford Parish Register as occurring on 25 April, 1616 The exact words used on the register are "Will Shakspeare gent" William Shakespeare was buried on April 25th 1616 in Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon His tomb lies beneath the floor of the church, in the chancel
The chancel is the space around the altar of a church for the clergy, and sometimes the choir, often enclosed by a lattice or railing. -
30. Death of Galileo
He died suffering of fever and heart palpitation, aged 77. The Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II, wished to bury him in the main body of the Basilica of Santa Croce, next to the tombs of his father and other ancestors, and to erect a marble mausoleum in his honour. These plans were scrapped, however, after Pope Urban VIII and his nephew, Cardinal Francesco Barberini, protested, because Galileo was condemned by the Catholic Church for "vehement suspicion of heresy" -
31. Blood Circulation Discovered
1682 when a English physician named William Harvey discovered the Circulatory System, before than people didn’t know where it came from and were unaware of its importance, and since then medicine developed rapidly increasing people’s life span and becoming the foundation of medicine, and how much it has effected us to this day. -
**Russia
22 October 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed); 30 December 1922 (Soviet Union established) -
Period: to
[George Washington]
the first President of the United States of America, serving from 1789 to 1797, and the dominant military and political leader of the United States from 1775 to 1799. He led the American victory over Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army from 1775 to 1783, and presided over the writing of the Constitution in 1787. Washington became the first president, by unanimous choice. -
32. Benjamin Franklin's Electricity Theory Proven Correct
Ben and three of his friends were trying to analyze electricity and experiment with it. Two of his friends got electrocuted while they were working on this. While they did this experiment, they obviously proved that lightning was electricity. Yet, the world had not seen it, so Franklin decided to do the kite experiment, but alone. -
33. French Indian War Begins
North American theater of the Seven Years' War. The war was fought primarily between the colonies of Great Britain and New France, with both sides supported by military troops from Europe. In 1756, the war would erupt into a world-wide conflict involving Britain and France. -
34. Seven Years War Begins
The Seven Years' War was a global military war between 1756 and 1763, involving most of the great powers of the time and affecting Europe, North America, Central America, the West African coast, India, and the Philippines. In the historiography of some countries, the war is alternatively named after combats in respective theaters. -
**America
The Declaration of Independence was a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire. -
35. American Declaration of Independance
The Declaration of Independence was a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire. John Adams put forth a resolution earlier in the year which made a formal declaration inevitable. -
36. George Washington becomes First U.S. President
He did not infringe upon the policy making powers that he felt the Constitution gave Congress. But the determination of foreign policy became preponderantly a Presidential concern. When the French Revolution led to a major war between France and England, Washington refused to accept entirely the recommendations of either his Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, who was pro-French, or his Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, who was pro-British. Rather, he insisted upon a neutral course. -
**France
There is no official date of independence: 486 (Frankish tribes unified under Merovingian kingship); 10 August 843 (Western Francia established from the division of the Carolingian Empire); 14 July 1789 (French monarchy overthrown); 22 September 1792 (First French Republic founded); 4 October 1958 (Fifth French Republic established) -
37. Cotton Gin Invented
A machine that was designed to quickly and easily separate cotton fibers from their seeds.The fibers are processed into clothing or other cotton goods, and any undamaged seeds may be used to grow more cotton or to produce cottonseed oil to use in lanterns. -
38. Rosetta Stone Discovered
The Rosetta Stone is an ancient Egyptian granodiorite inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis in 196 BCE on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle portion Demotic script, and the lowest Ancient Greek. Because it presents essentially the same text in all three scripts, it provided the key to the modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs. -
39. George Washington Dies
Washington died at home around 10 p.m. on Saturday, December 14, 1799, aged 67, of pneumonia. The last words in his diary were "'Tis well." Throughout the world, men and women were saddened by Washington's death. Napoleon ordered 10 days of mourning throughout France; in the United States, thousands wore mourning clothes for months. -
40. The Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase (French: Vente de la Louisiane "Sale of Louisiana") was the acquisition by the United States of America of 828,000 square miles (2,140,000 km2) of France's claim to the territory of Louisiana in 1803. -
41. Lewis & Clark begin expedition to survey the Louisiana Purchase
The Lewis and Clark Expedition, also known as the "Corps of Discovery Expedition" (1804–1806), was the first transcontinental expedition to the Pacific coast. Commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson, it was led by two Virginia-born veterans of Indian wars in the Ohio Valley, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Their objectives were both scientific and commercial – to study the area's plants, animal life, and geography, and to learn how the region could be exploited economically. -
42. Treaty of Pressburg formally dissolves the Holy Roman Empire
The treaty marked the effective end of the Holy Roman Empire. Francis II renounced his title as Holy Roman Emperor and became Emperor Francis I of Austria and a new entity, the Confederation of the Rhine, was later created by Napoleon. -
43. Slave Trade Act 1807
The act abolished the slave trade in the British Empire, but not slavery itself; slavery on English soil was unsupported in English law and that position was confirmed in Somersett's Case in 1772, but it remained legal in most of the British Empire until the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. -
44. The 1st steamship Clermont sails (North River)
The North River Steamboat or North River (often erroneously referred to as Clermont) is widely regarded as the world's first commercially successful steamboat. Built in 1807, the North River Steamboat operated on the Hudson River. -
Period: to
[Abraham Lincoln]
The 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led his country through a great constitutional, military and moral crisis – the American Civil War – preserving the Union, while ending slavery, and promoting economic and financial modernization. -
**Mexico
Mexico Declared their independance on the 16th of September. On August 24, 1821, representatives of the Spanish crown and Iturbide signed the Treaty of Córdoba, which recognized Mexican independence under the terms of the Plan of Iguala. On September 27 the Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City and the following day Iturbide proclaimed the independence of the Mexican Empire, as New Spain was to be henceforth called. -
45. First permanent white settlement founded in New Zealand
New Zealand's own "Mayflower". The Active also carried what was described as a ‘Noah's Ark' by Nicholas; horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, poultry, cats and dogs intended for the mission settlement. The captain was Samua Marsden and there were three generations of the Hansen Family. -
46. The Monroe Doctrine declares that European powers must not colonize or interfere with independent nations in the Americas
The Monroe Doctrine is a policy of the United States introduced on December 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention. -
47. Photography invented
The first permanent photograph was an image produced in 1826 by the French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce. His photographs were produced on a polished pewter plate covered with a petroleum derivative called bitumen of Judea, which he then dissolved in white petroleum. -
48. Potato blight first noticed in Ireland; The Irish Potato Famine begins (1845-1852)
During the famine approximately 1 million people died and a million more emigrated from Ireland,causing the island's population to fall by between 20% and 25%.The proximate cause of famine was a potato disease commonly known as potato blight. -
49. Neptune discovered
Urbain Le Verrier developed his own calculations independent of Adams. In June 1846, upon seeing Le Verrier's first published estimate of the planet's longitude and its similarity to Adams's estimate, Airy persuaded Cambridge Observatory director James Challis to search for the planet. The very evening of the day of receipt of Le Verrier's letter on September 23, 1846, Neptune was discovered within 1° of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be, and about 12° from Adams' prediction. -
50. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish the Communist Manifesto in London
The Communist Manifesto (Das Kommunistische Manifest), originally titled Manifesto of the Communist Party (German: Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei) is a short 1848 publication written by the German Marxist political theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It has since been recognized as one of the world's most influential political manuscripts.[ -
51. Taiping Rebellion in China
30 million Chinese die in civil war between Qing government and Hong Xiuquan's Heavenly Kingdom (1850 to 1871). The revolt began in Guangxi province. -
52. Crimean War
The Crimean War (October 1853 – February 1856)was a conflict between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the French Empire, the British Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Sardinia. -
53. Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law
The Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law of 16 April 1856 was issued to abolish privateering. It regulated the relationship between neutral and belligerent and shipping on the high seas introducing new prize rules. -
Period: to
[Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt]
The 26th President of the United States of America (1901–1909). He is noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement, as well as his "cowboy" personality and robust masculinity. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician. In 1901, upon being sworn in as President of the United States, Roosevelt was only 42 years old. -
54. Abraham Lincoln elected President
16th president of the United States, Lincoln won over a deeply divided Democratic Party, becoming the first Republican to win the presidency. Lincoln received only 40 percent of the popular vote but handily defeated the three other candidates.
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55. South Begins to Discuss Separation
South fears future trouble because of slavery habits and Lincoln’s anti-slavery views. When the Elections started to show the future president, radical behavior and talk began. By March the South would be divided from the North.
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56. South Officially divided from the U.S.
The North and South had been fighting over taxes. The North financed its industrial development through crippling taxes imposed by Congress on imported goods. The South, which had an agricultural economy and had to buy machinery had to foot their bill. if the South left the Union ‘in one single blow, our foreign commerce must be reduced to less than half.
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57. Civil War Officially Begins
The American Civil War (1861–1865), often referred to as The Civil War in the United States, was a civil war fought over the secession of the Confederate States.
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58. Louis Pasteur completes first successful pasteurization experiment
Pasteur's research also showed the growth of micro-organisms was responsible for spoiling beverages, such as beer, wine and milk. With this established, he invented a process in which liquids such as milk were heated to kill most bacteria and moulds already present within them. -
59. Battle of Gettysburg, the turning point of the Civil War. Union begins to overthrow Confederacy
Gen.Lee concentrated his full strength against Maj. Gen. George G. Meade’s Army of the Potomac at the crossroads county seat of Gettysburg. On July 1, Confederate forces converged on the town from west and north, driving Union defenders back through the streets to Cemetery Hill. During the night, reinforcements arrived for both sides. On July 2, Lee attempted to envelop the Federals, the morning of July 3, the Confederate infantry were driven from their last toe-hold, July 4, Lee retreated.
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60. Confederacy surrenders, Union officially wins war
Confederacy was overthrown and their leader had been compelled to surrender his once invincible army. The Confederate officers faithfully endeavored to check this exhibition of loyalty and love for the old flags. A great majority of them were duly surrendered; but many were secretly carried by devoted veterans to their homes, and will be cherished forever as honored heirlooms.
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61. Abraham Lincoln Assasinated
John Wilkes Booth was a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland; though he never joined the Confederate army, he had contacts with the Confederate secret service. Lincoln's bodyguard, John Parker, left Ford's Theater during intermission to join Lincoln's coachman for drinks in the Star Saloon next door. The now unguarded President sat in his state box in the balcony. Seizing the opportunity, Booth crept up from behind and at about 10:13 pm, shot the back of Lincoln's head. -
**Canada
Canadian Condederation was the process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed on July 1, 1867. On that day, three British colonies were formed into four Canadian provinces. The British Province of Canada was divided into the new Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and two other British colonies, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, also became provinces of Canada. -
Period: to
[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]
Mahatma Gandhi, was the preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British ruled India. Mahatma Gandhi was a major political and spiritual leader of India. Employing non-violent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for non-violence, civil rights and freedom across the world. -
**Germany
18 January 1871 (German Empire unifies); divided into four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and France) in 1945 following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed on 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed on 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone; West Germany and East Germany unified on 3 October 1990; all four powers formally relinquished rights on 15 March 1991. -
Period: to
[Winston Churchill]
Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill was one of the greatest politicians of the U.K. who went on to become the Prime Minister of the country in 1940, serving till 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. Winston enjoyed an exceptional success in his political life from the very beginning and held many important positions such as President of the Board of Trade, Home Secretary and First Lord of the Admiralty in the Asquith Liberal government. Winston Churchill was a prolific writer, historian and artist. -
Period: to
[Joseph Stalin]
General Secretary was officially elective and not initially regarded as the top position in the Soviet state, Stalin managed to use it to consolidate more and more power in his hands after the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924 and gradually put down all opposition groups within the Communist Party. Stalin replaced the New Economic Policy the 5 Year Plan. The political changes of the Stalinist era, millions of people were sent to penal labor camps, and millions were deported. -
Period: to
[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]
Known by his initials, FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States (1933–1945) and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. FDR defeated incumbent Republican Herbert Hoover in November 1932, at the depth of the Great Depression. FDR's persistent optimism and activism contributed to a renewal of the national spirit, reflecting his victory over paralytic illness to inspire. -
Period: to
[Benito Mussolini]
Benito Mussolini served as Italy’s 40th Prime Minister from 1922 until 1943. He is considered a central figure in the creation of Fascism and was both an influence on and close ally of Adolf Hitler during World War II. In 1943, Mussolini was replaced as Prime Minister and served as the head of the Italian Social Republic until his execution by Italian partisans in 1945. -
Period: to
Albert John Luthuli
Famous as African Politician and the President of African National Congress (ANC) He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1960 and led the Non-Violent Struggle for Civil Rights in South Africa. African politician and teacher, Luthuli was a noble man and an adamant leader, Luthuli fought for African's rights to equality and justice following a non-violent resistance. Before elected to the presidency of the ANC, he was the president of his tribe for several years. -
Period: to
[Adolf Hitler]
Adolf Hitler was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 and Führer (Leader) of Germany from 1934 until his death. He was leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), better known as the Nazi Party. Since the defeat of Germany in World War II, Hitler, the Nazi Party, and the results of Nazism have been regarded in most of the world as synonymous with evil. -
62. Queen Victoria Dies
Queen Victoria was the longest reigning English monarch. She was the cause of several different advances during her reign as queen. -
63. U.S. Passes the Chinese Exclusion Act
Amendments made in 1884 tightened the provisions that allowed previous immigrants to leave and return, and clarified that the law applied to ethnic Chinese regardless of their country of origin. The Scott Act (1888) expanded upon the Chinese Exclusion Act, prohibiting reentry after leaving the U.S. The Act was renewed for ten years by the 1892 Geary Act. When the act was extended in 1902, it required "each Chinese resident to register and obtain a certificate of residence or be deported. -
64. Boar War Ends
In Pretoria, representatives of Great Britain and the Boer states sign the Treaty of Vereeniging, officially ending the three-and-a-half-year South African Boer War. -
65. First Message to Travel Around the World
Commercial Pacific Cable Company was established as a joint venture of three companies: the Commercial Cable Company (25%), the Great Northern Telegraph Company (25%), and the Eastern Telegraph Company (50%) Their cables carried the first message to ever travel around the globe from U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt on July 4, 1903. He wished "a happy Independence Day to the U.S., its territories and properties . . ." It took nine minutes for the message to travel worldwide. -
66. Trans-Siberian Railway Completed
It is the longest railway in the world. There are branch lines to China through Mongolia and Manchuria, along with North Korea. -
67. Bloody Sunday
St. Petersburg, Russia, where unarmed, peaceful demonstrators marching to present a petition to the Tsar Nicholas II were gunned down by the Imperial Guard while approaching the city center and the Winter Palace from several gathering points. The events which occurred on this Sunday have been assessed by historians, including Lionel Kochan in his book Russia in Revolution 1890-1918, to be one of the key events which led to the eventual Russian Revolution of 1917. -
68. Finland First European Country to Give Women the Right to Vote
In 1863, taxpaying women were granted municipal suffrage in the country side, and in 1872, the same reform was given to the cities The Parliament Act in 1906 established the unicameral parliament of Finland and both women and men were given the right to vote and stand for election. -
69. SOS Accepted as National Distress Signal
SOS is the commonly used description for the international Morse code distress signal (· · · — — — · · ·). This distress signal was first adopted by the German government in radio regulations effective April 1, 1905, and became the worldwide standard under the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention, which was signed on November 3, 1906 and became effective on July 1, 1908. SOS remained the maritime radio distress signal until 1999. The previous signal being CQD -
70. Boy Scouts Established
American Scouting organization formed by William Randolph Hearst in 1910, following on from the formation of the Scouting movement by Robert Baden-Powell between 1903 and 1907. -
71. Titanic Sinks
RMS Titanic was a passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on 15 April 1912 after colliding with an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton, UK to New York City, US. The sinking of Titanic caused the deaths of 1,514 people in one of the deadliest maritime disaters in history. -
72. World War I begins
the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. -
73. Germans First use Chlorine Gas
Poison gas is used for the first time on the Western Front at the Second Battle of Ypres. The Germans weren't the first to use gas as a weapon during World War I: The French launched tear-gas attacks against German positions in the first month of fighting. But chlorine gas represented an escalation in chemical warfare, still very new at the time. Unlike tear gas, chlorine gas could kill. -
74. America Joins the Allies
The allies consisted of Britain, France, and Russia. Under the command of Major General John J. Pershing, more than 2 million U.S. soldiers fought on battlefields in France. Many Americans were not in favor of the U.S. entering the war and wanted to remain neutral. -
Period: to
[Indira Gandhi]
Indian politician who served as the third Prime Minister of India. Gandhi was the second female head of government in the world after Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka, and she remains as the world's second longest serving female Prime Minister as of 2012. She was the first woman to become prime minister in India. -
Period: to
[Nelson Mandela]
South African politician who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, the first ever to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before being elected President, Mandela was a militant anti-apartheid activist, and the leader and co-founder of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress. In 1962 he was arrested and convicted of sabotage and other charges, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Mandela served 27 years in prison then was released. -
75. Teddy Roosevelt
On January 6, 1919, Roosevelt died in his sleep at Oyster Bay of a coronary thrombosis (heart attack), preceded by a 2½-month illness described as inflammatory rheumatism. His siblings simply, "The old lion is dead." The U.S. vice president, Thomas R. Marshall, said that "Death had to take Roosevelt sleeping, for if he had been awake, there would have been a fight." -
76. Treaty of Versallies Ends WWI
It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties.Although the armistice signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. -
77. Women Given the Right to Vote in U.S.
Women's suffrage in the United States was achieved gradually. During the late 19th century and early 20th century the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, provided: "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex." -
78. First Winter Olympic Games
Officially known as the I Olympic Winter Games, were a winter multi-sport event in 1924 held at Chamonix, France. Originally called Semaine Internationale des Sports d'Hiver "International Winter Sports Week" -
79. Hitler Publishes Mein Kampf
My Struggle or My Battle) is a book by Nazi leader Adolf Hitler. It combines elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitler's political ideology. Volume 1 of Mein Kampf was published in 1925 and Volume 2 in 1926. Although, the good news being that it sold poorly. -
80. Pluto Discovered
The second-most-massive known dwarf planet in the Solar System and the tenth-most-massive body observed directly orbiting the Sun. Originally classified as the ninth planet from the Sun, Pluto was recategorized as a dwarf planet and plutoid due to the discovery that it is one of several large bodies within the Kuiper belt. -
Period: to
Mikhail Gorbachev
Former President of the former USSR, who served as the last general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1986 to 1991 and was also the last head of state of the USSR. He served as the head of state of the USSR from 1988 until 1991, when it fell. On May 23, 2012 Mikhail Gorbachev death rumours spread on Twitter that the the last Soviet Union head of state was dead. He commented 'It's interesting what people are writing. Tell them that I keep living - and keep working.' -
81. Amelia Earheart Flies Solo Across Atlantic
American aviation pioneer and author. Earhart was the first woman to receive the U.S. Distinguished Flying Cross, awarded for becoming the first aviatrix to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. -
82. Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany
On January 30, 1933, President Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler chancellor of Germany. Although the National Socialists never captured more than 37 percent of the national vote. -
83. First Nazi Concetration Camp Opens
Dachau, the first Nazi concetration camp. Located on the grounds of an abandoned munitions factory near the medieval town of Dachau, about 16 km (9.9 mi) northwest of Munich in the state of Bavaria, which is located in southern Germany. It was the first regular concentration camp established. -
84. Parker Bros sell "Monopoly" for the First Time Ever
A board game published by Parker Brothers. The game is named after the economic concept of monopoly, the domination of a market by a single entity. -
85. Alchoholics Anonymous Founded
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an international mutual aid which was founded in 1935 by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith (Bill W. and Dr. Bob) in Akron, Ohio. AA says its "primary purpose is to stay sober and help other alcoholics achieve sobriety" AA's Twelve Step program of spiritual and character development. -
86. Hitler Introduces Anti-Jewish Nuremberg Laws
The Nuremberg Laws were antisemitic laws in Nazi Germany introduced at the new annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party. After the takeover of power in 1933 by Hitler, Nazism became an official ideology incorporating anti-semitism as a form of scientific racism. -
87. Amelia Earheart Vanishes
8:43 a.m. local time, the Coast Guard cutter Itasca, steaming off Howland Island, receives this faint radio signal from Amelia Earhart: "KHAQQ calling Itasca. We must be on you but cannot see you -- but gas is running low…."
She vanishes along with her navigator, Fred Noonan, into the Central Pacific, and they're never heard from again. -
88. Japanese War- Second Sino
a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. From 1937 to 1941, China fought Japan with some economic help from Germany, the Soviet Union, and the United States. -
89. Kristallnacht
Coordinated attacks against Jews throughout Nazi Germany and parts of Austria on 9–10 November 1938, carried out by SA stormtroopers and civilians. German authorities looked on without intervening. The attacks left the streets covered with broken glass from the windows of Jewish-owned stores, buildings, and synagogues. -
90. Helicopter Invented
Informally known as a "chopper" or a "helo," invented by Gustave de Ponton d'Amecourt in 1861, which originates from the Greek helix/helik- (ἕλιξ) = "twisted, curved" and pteron (πτερόν) = "wing". The Focke-Wulf Fw 61 being the first operational helicopter in 1936, becoming official in 1939. Some helicopters reached limited production, but it was not until 1942 that a helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky reached full-scale production, -
91. Lascaux- Stone Age Paintings Discovered
Lascaux is the setting of a complex of caves in southwestern France and has become famous for its Paleolithic cave paintings. The original caves are located near the village of Montignac.The paintings are estimated to be 17,300 years old. -
92. Mt. Rushmore Completed
Mt. Rushmore National Memorial is a huge mountain sculpture of four US Presidents, located near Keystone, in the Black Hills of South Dakota. The Presidents depicted are: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. These four Presidents were chosen to represent the founding, growth and preservation of the United States. The work was designed by the sculptor John Gutzon Borglum and about 400 stone workers. . -
93. Pearl Harbor
The attack on Pearl Harbor was planned by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters. The Battle of Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941 (it was Dec. 8th in Japan.) -
94. WWII: Axis Powers Advance Ends
Japan lost a series of naval battles, the European Axis troops were defeated in North Africa and, particularly, at Stalingrad. In 1943, with a series of German defeats in Europe, the Allied invasion of Fascist Italy, and American victories in the Pacific, the Axis lost the initiative and undertook strategic retreat on all fronts. Hitler then wasted energy on his "Final Solution." -
95. Grave of Katyn Forest Massacure Found
The Germans claimed that they found a ditch 28 meters long and 16 meters wide at the Hill of Goats in which were 3,000 bodies piled up in layers of twelve. All the bodies were fully dressed in military uniform; some were bound and all had pistol shots to the back of their heads. They thought they would find a total of 10,000 bodies, but only found 4,500. -
96. FDR Dies
He worked closely with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin in leading the Allies against Germany and Japan in World War II, but died just as victory was in sight. April 12, Roosevelt said, "I have a terrific pain in the back of my head." He then fell forward in his chair, unconscious, and was carried into his bedroom. The president's attending cardiologist, Dr. Howard Bruenn, diagnosed a massive cerebral hemorrhage (stroke). At 3:35 pm that day, Roosevelt was declared dead. -
97. Mussolini execution
On April 27, 1945, with Italy and Germany on the brink of defeat, Mussolini attempted to flee to Spain. On the afternoon of April 28, while en route to Switzerland to board a plane, Mussolini and his mistress Claretta Petacci, were captured by Italian partisans. Driven to the gates of the Villa Belmonte, they were shot to death by a partisan firing squad. Sometime later, the bodies of Mussolini and Petacci were hung upside down, side by side in front of a fueling station. -
98. Hitler commits suicide
On 30 April 1945, after intense street-to-street combat, when Soviet troops were within a block or two of the Reich Chancellery, Hitler and Braun committed suicide; Braun bit into a cyanide capsule and Hitler shot himself with his 7.65 mm Walther PPK pistol.The lifeless bodies of Hitler and Eva Braun were carried up the stairs and through the bunker's emergency exit to the bombed-out garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were placed in a bomb crater and doused with petrol. -
99. U.S. Drops Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima Nagasaki
The dropping of the bomb occurred at noon, Japanese time. It described Nagasaki as “an important industrial and shipping area with a population of about 258,000” Japan’s efforts, after the Aug. 6 bombing of Hiroshima, to influence public opinion in Europe and North America in the hope that it would stop the United States from dropping a second bomb. Estimates suggest that the bomb killed 40,000 on the day it was dropped, and approximately 70,000 by the end of 1945. -
**Japan
For Japan, the date given may not represent "independence" in the strict sense, but rather some significant nationhood event such as the traditional founding date or the date of unification, federation, confederation, establishment, fundamental change in the form of government, or state succession.notable earlier dates: 660 B.C. (traditional date of the founding of the nation by Emperor JIMMU); 29 November 1890 (Meiji Constitution provides for constitutional monarchy) -
**India
On 3 June 1947, Viscount Louis Mountbatten, the last British Governor-General of India, announced the partitioning of British India into India and Pakistan. With the speedy passage through the British Parliament of the Indian Independence Act 1947, at 11:57 on 14 August 1947 Pakistan was declared a separate nation, and at 12:02, just after midnight, on 15 August 1947, India also became an independent nation. -
100. Mahatma Gandhi
On 30 January 1948, Gandhi was shot while he was walking to a platform from which he was to address a prayer meeting. The assassin, Nathuram Godse, was a Hindu nationalist with links to the extremist Hindu Mahasabha, who held Gandhi responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a payment to Pakistan. -
101. "Big Bang" Theory Formulated
George Gamow proposed that the universe was created in a gigantic explosion and that the various elements observed today were produced within the first few minutes after the big bang. At that time, the temperature that ranged somewhere near 10 billion degrees helped fuse subatomic particles into what we now know of as our chemical elements. -
102. China becomes Communist Officially
The Communist Party of China (CPC) was founded on July 1, 1921 in Shanghai, China. After 28 years the CPC finally won victory of "new-democratic revolution" and founded the People's Republic of China in 1949. The CPC is the ruling party of mainland China as of today. -
103. Soviet Union has Atomic Bomb
The Soviet project to develop an atomic bomb was a research and development program began during and post-World War II, in the wake of the Soviet Union's discovery of the United States' nuclear project. This scientific research was directed by Soviet nuclear physicist Igor Kurchatov, the program was started by Joseph Stalin who had gotten a letter from physicist Georgy Flyorov urging him to start research. They had been suspicious that the Allied powers already had advanced toward atomic bombs. -
**China
Independence Day or National Days are perhaps the most important day for a nation to honor as a national holiday. The Chinese celebrate their Independence Day on the 1st of October every year, marking the foundation of the People's Republic of China.The Central People's Government passed the Resolution on the National Day of the People's Republic of China on December 2, 1949 and declared October 1 as the National Day or Independence Day of China. -
104. Truman Signs Treaty with Japan, Officially Ending WWII
The Treaty of Peace with Japan is also known as the Treaty of San Francisco or San Francisco Peace Treaty. Part of the Allied Powers and Japan both officially signed as part of the 48 nations who signed. It was an International event, taken place on September 8, 1951, at the War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco, United States. It came into full force on April 28, 1952. -
105. Polio Vaccine Created
Two polio vaccines are used throughout the world to combat poliomyelitis (polio). The first was developed by Jonas Salk and tested in 1952. Announced to the world by Salk on April 12, 1955, it consists of an injected dose of inactive poliovirus. An oral vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin using mostly inactive poliovirus.Testing of Sabin's vaccine began in 1957, and was licensed in 1962. There is no long term carrier state for poliovirus in living organisms and survival of the virus remote. -
106. Jacques Cousteau Discovers Ancient Greek Ship
The team was studying a shipwreck from the third century BC, lying 40 meters underwater. Thousands of amphorae and pottery shards were brought to the surface and taken back to the Borely Museum and the Roman Docks Museum of Marseilles. Calypso was used to test new underwater cameras and electronic flashes invented by Dr. Harold Edgerton that made it possible to photograph deep water animals, pushing the limits of underwater exploration. -
107. Joseph Stalin
Stalin's health deteriorated towards the end of World War II. He suffered from atherosclerosis from his heavy smoking. He suffered a mild stroke around the time of the Victory parade, and a severe heart attack in October 1945. -
108. DNA Discovered
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. The DNA segments carrying this genetic information are called genes. Likewise, other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information. Along with RNA and proteins, DNA is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. -
109. Albert Einstein Dies
On 17 April 1955, Albert Einstein experienced internal bleeding caused by the rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which had previously been reinforced surgically by Dr. Rudolph Nissen in 1948.Einstein refused surgery, saying: "I want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolong life artificially. I have done my share, it is time to go. I will do it elegantly."He died in Princeton Hospital early the next morning at the age of 76, having continued to work until near the end. -
110. Rosa Parks Refuses to Give Up Her Bus Seat
In Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks refused to obey bus driver James F. Blake's order that she give up her seat to make room for a white passenger. Parks' action was not the first of its kind to impact the civil rights issue. Once started the civil rights issue was a wave that swept over America. -
111. Mao Zedong Launches the Great Leap Forward
The Great Leap Forward was started by the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China (CPC), reflected in planning decisions from 1958 to 1961, which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agricultural economy into a modern communist society through the process of rapid industrialization and collectivization. -
112. First Televised Presidential Debate
The first televised presidential debate took place in Chicago in 1960. It would forever change the landscape of presidential elections. The 1960 election promised to be a close one. The Democrats had John F. Kennedy, a young senator from Massachusetts who had unsuccessfully sought the nomination of his party four years earlier. The Republicans had nominated Richard Nixon, who had served under President Dwight Eisenhower the past eight years as the vice-president. In the end we would have Kennedy -
113. Berlin Wall Built
A barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, a circumscribed a wide area (also known as the "death strip") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, "fakir beds" and other defenses. -
114. First Person Killed Crossing Berlin Wall
Günter Litwin was the first victim who was shot down by East German border guard in Berlin on August 24, 1961. 171 people were killed or died attempting to escape at the Berlin Wall between August 13, 1961 and November 9, 1989. -
115. Marilyn Monroe Death
Marilyn Monroe was found dead in the bedroom of her Brentwood home by her psychiatrist Dr.Greenson after he was called by Monroe's housekeeper Eunice Murray on August 5, 1962. She was 36 years old. Her death was ruled to be "acute barbiturate poisoning" by Dr.Thomas Noguchi, listed as "probable suicide". Many individuals, including Jack Clemmons first police officer to arrive at the death scene, believed that she was murdered. The death of Monroe has since become one of the most debated topics. -
116. Martin Luther King Jr. Speech
"I Have a Dream" is estimated as a 17-minute public speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. that was given on August 28, 1963, in which he called for racial equality and an end to discrimination. The speech, from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, was a defining moment of the American Civil Rights Movement. Delivered to over 200,000 civil rights supporters,the speech was ranked the top American speech of the 20th century by a 1999 poll of scholars. -
117. Nelson Mandela Sentenced to Life in Prison
The government charged Mandela of sabotage, high treason and conspiracy to overthrow the government. -
118. Civil Rights Act Passed and Enacted
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a landmark piece of laws in the United States that outlawed major forms of discrimination against African Americans and women, including racial segregation. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace, and by facilities in the general public. -
119. Mao Zedong Launches Cultural Revolution
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a social-political movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 through 1976. Set into motion by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to enforce socialism in the country by removing capitalist, traditional and cultural elements from Chinese society, and to impose Maoist orthodoxy within the Party. It showed China Mao's absolute power. -
120. First Heart Transplant a Success, but Patient Dies
he first human-to-human heart transplant is performed. The operation is a success, but the patient dies after complications set in. Surgeon Christiaan Barnard prepared for this day by performing a number of experimental heart transplants using dogs He had a 30-member surgical team helping with implanting the heart of a young woman into 53-year-old Louis Washkansky who was suffering from diabetes and an incurable heart disease. -
121. Martin Luther King Jr. Assasinated
Martin Luther King, Jr., a civil rights activist, was assassinated at a motel in Memphis, Tennessee. He was 39 at the time of his death. On June 10, 1968, James Earl Ray, a fugitive from the Missouri State Penitentiary, was arrested in London at Heathrow Airport, extradited to the United States, and charged with the crime. -
122. First Man on the Moon
American former astronaut, test pilot, aerospace engineer, university professor, United States Naval Aviator, and the first person to set foot upon the Moon. Armstrong's second and last spaceflight was as mission commander of the Apollo 11 moon landing mission on July 20, 1969. On this mission, Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin descended to the lunar surface and spent 2½ hours exploring while Michael Collins remained in orbit in the Command Module. Armstrong recieved several medals for his exploration. -
123. Dawson Field Hijackings
Terrorists belonging to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) almost at the same time, hijack three jetliners shortly after they take off from European airports on routes toward the United States. When hijackers on one plane are foiled, hijackers seize a fourth jet, divert it to Cairo, and blow it up. The two other hijacked planes are ordered to a desert air strip in Jordan known as Dawson Field. -
124. Munich Massacure
The Munich massacre is an informal name for events that occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Bavaria, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage and eventually killed by the Palestinian group Black September. By the end of the ordeals, the kidnappers had killed eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer. Five of the eight members of Black September were killed by police officers during a failed rescue attempt. -
125. Terracotta Army Discovered in China
"Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses", is a army of terracotta sculptures depicting the armies of Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China. It is a form of funerary art that was buried with the emperor in 210/209 BC and whose purpose was to protect the emperor in his afterlife. The figures, dating from 3rd century BC, were discovered in 1974 by some local farmers in Lintong District, Xi'an, a Shaanxi province. -
126. Carnation Revolution
On April 25, 1974 the Carnation Revolution, a left-wing military led revolution, broke out in Portugal ending the authoritarian dictatorship of Estado Novo. The new regime quickly ordered cease-fire and began negotiating with leaders of the PAIGC. -
**Republic of Guinea-Bissau
On 26 August 1974, after a series of diplomatic meetings, Portugal and the PAIGC signed an accord in Algiers, Algeria in which Portugal agreed to remove all troops by the end of October and to officially recognize the Republic of Guinea-Bissau government controlled by the PAIGC. -
127. Civil War in Lebanon
The Lebanese Civil War was a civil war in Lebanon. The war lasted from 1975 to 1990 and resulted in an estimated 150,000 to 230,000 fatalities. Another one million people (a quarter of the population) were wounded, and today approximately 350,000 people remain displaced within Lebanon.There was also a mass movement of almost one million people from Lebanon. -
128. Pol Pot becomes Communist Dictator
Also known as Saloth Sar, served as the prime minister of Democratic Kampuchea. Pol Pot became leader of Cambodia on April 17, 1975.[4] During his time in power he imposed agrarian socialism, forcing urban dwellers to relocate to the countryside to work in collective farms and forced labor projects. The combined effects of forced labor, malnutrition, poor medical care, and executions resulted in the deaths of approximately 21% of the Cambodian population. -
129. Steve Biko Tortured to Death
Stephen Biko was an anti-apartheid activist in South Africa in the 1960s and 1970s. A student leader, he later founded the Black Consciousness Movement which would empower and mobilize much of the black population. Since his death in police custody, he has been called a martyr of the anti-apartheid movement. While living, his writings and activism attempted to empower black people, and he was famous for his slogan "black is beautiful". -
130. Indira Gandhi Assasination
On 31 October 1984, two of Gandhi's Sikh bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh, shot her with their service weapons in the garden of the Prime Minister's residence at 1 Safdarjung Road, New Delhi as she was walking past a wicket gate guarded by Satwant and Beant.Beant Singh shot her three times using his side-arm, and Satwant Singh fired 30 rounds. -
131. László József Bíró Dies
Bíró László József was the inventor of the modern ballpoint pen.Died: 24-Oct-1985 at Buenos Aires, Argentina. His cause of death has been unspecified -
132. Nelson Mandela
Mandela was admitted to hospital in February 2012 for what the president's office said was "a long-standing abdominal complaint." As of today he is alive and well.
