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1095
Indulgences (Economic)
Pieces of paper that forgave sins so one's soul could quickly go to heaven when people would die. This is an economic effect because it benefited the rich people but was unfair for the poor. -
1200
The Inquisition (Social, Political Effect)
The Inquisition was a powerful office set up within the Catholic Church to root out and punish heresy throughout Europe and the Americas. This is a social and political effect because they punished people who were against the Catholic Church. -
1400
Humanism (Social Effect)
Humanism was the study of Greek and Roman language and literature to educate one's self and improve one's reasoning, during the Renaissance. Humanism led people to question Church authority. Many Europeans decided to place their faith in human reason, rather than accepting whatever authorities said was true. This is a social effect because it changed people's thoughts about the Church. -
1450
Printing Press (Cause) EP
An invention of movable type, it helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them. It was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg. This is a cause because the printing press allowed for quicker production of text, like books and pamphlets. -
1475
Pope Leo X
One of the leading Renaissance Popes. (reigned 1513-21).
He was known for his wasteful habits, lecherous activities, and his quote. "God has given us the papacy- Let us enjoy it." Pope Leo X also excommunicated Martin Luther in 1521. -
1483
Martin Luther
Martin Luther was born 1483, he was a German Monk. He was also a son of peasants. Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation, and made the 95 Theses. -
1491
Henry VIII
He was the King of London. He established the Church of England and the Royal Navy. Henry VIII was powerful and best known for his noisy love life and establishment of the Church of England. -
Jul 10, 1509
John Calvin
Was a French Lawyer, and theologia. He was the most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation. He established a theocracy in Geneva by 1540. -
Oct 31, 1517
95 Theses (Cause) SEP
Martin Luther nails a paper that contains the 95 Theses, ( a document of propositions and questions as an academic debate on indulgences.) on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany. This is a social, political, and economic effect because this began the Protestant Reformation. -
1527
Diet of Worm (Social Effect)
Diet of Worms is a meeting of Diet (assembly) of Holy Roman Empire held at Worms, Germany. The diet was conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521. This is a social effect because it said that Martin Luther was a heretic, and it forbade anyone from following his beliefs or giving aid and shelter. -
1533
Elizabeth I
Was the Queen of England, she is daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Catholics saw her as an "illegitimate" child and thus rejected her legitimacy regarding the throne. Elizabeth I held strongly Protestant views. -
1540
Jesuits (Social Effect)
An apostolic religious community called the Society Of Jesus. Their main focus was to find god in all things. They were founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola. This is a social effect because they established schools and universities throughout Europe, to help maintain the relevance of the Catholic Church. -
1545
Council of Trent (Social Effect)
An ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church's answer to the Reformation, held in three parts from 1545 to 1563. It was known as a counter reformation. This is a social effect because the council abolished indulgence sellers and halted some of the worst abuses. -
1555
Peace of Augsburg (Social, Political Effect)
The religious resolution to a conflict started in 1517 by Martin Luther's 95 Theses. The Peace of Augsburg allowed the state princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the religion of their domain and permitted the free emigration of residents who dissented. This is a social and political effect because it ended the war and let allowed the ruler of German states to decide their religion. -
1572
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (Social, Political Effect)
A widespread slaughter of French Protestants (Huguenots) by Catholics beginning on 24 August 1572 and lasting over two months, resulting in the deaths of between 5,000 and 25,000 people. This is a political and social effect because thousands of Huguenots died through France. -
Edict of Nantes (Social, Political Effect)
The Edict of Nantes, issued under Henry of Navarre after he ascended to the French throne as Henry IV, effectively ended the French Wars of Religion by granting official tolerance to Protestantism. This is a social and political effect because this provided religious tolerance as well as civil rights for the Huguenots in a predominantly Roman Catholic country.