The Roots of Andragogy Vs. Pedagogy

SOCRATES- START OF PEDAGOGY

470 BCE

Socrates, considered the founder of Western philosophy, was well known for being a man of many questions. According to his learning theory, Socrates recognized the need for students to understand the importance of asking questions and the need to realize the lack of knowledge that is waiting to be explored. Source

IVAN PAVLOV'S CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

1897

Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, introduced the Theory of Classical Conditioning. Pavlov's theory was responsible for linking two different stimuli to create a newly learned reaction. Source

BLOOM'S TAXONOMY

1956

Benjamin Bloom created the famous ideology of, Bloom's Taxonomy. This framework consists of six categories- remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating to help design a rigorous learning experience. Source

JEROME BRUNER- SPIRAL LEARNING

1960

Jerome Bruner helped launch the study of cognitive psychology through his theories on perception, cognition, learning, and memory. Bruner championed the idea of a "spiral curriculum" where old concepts are continuously reinforced to students to help develop a stronger conceptual understanding of material. Source

LEV VYGOTSKY'S ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT

1962

Lev Vygotsky's learning theory covered The Zone of Proximal Development, which demonstrates the range of students' ability from what can be done independently to topics that will need additional support. Vygosky played a role in scaffolding, which is the individualized support given to a child while learning. Source

ALBERT BANDURA'S SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

1977

Albert Bandura is famous for his social learning theory that discusses the positive relationship observations and modeling have when learning. However, although this type of learning is common, learning through observations of others still requires motivation from the learner, as well as attention and retention. Source

HOWARD GARDNER'S MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES

1983

Howard Gardner is most famous for his Theory of Multiple Intelligences, which helped educators reach all learners through their teaching style. Examples of his outlined intelligences include bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, interpersonal, musical, visual-spatial, and logical-mathematical, naturalistic, and verbal-linguistic. Source

MALCOLM KNOWLES' FIVE ASSUMPTIONS OF ANDRAGOGY

1984

Malcolm Knowles played a huge role in highlighting the stark differences between children (pedagogy) and adult learning (andragogy). Knowles created five assumptions for adult learning that share the characteristics of adult learners. These assumptions include self-concept, adult learner experience, readiness to learn, motivation to learn, and the orientation of learning. Source

DAVID KOLB'S EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING THEORY

1984

David Kolb is well-known for his Experiential Learning Theory that focuses on the importance of students learning through a meaningful example where students can connect it to prior knowledge. Experience-based learning allows students to engage in a topic using their whole body and not just their mind. Source

HERMANN EBBINGHAUS' FORGETTING CURVE

1985

Hermann Ebbinghaus, a German psychologist, was one of the first to study memory and the role it played in learning. Through his research, he developed the Forgetting Curve, which is a visual to share how newly learned ideas fade over a short period of time. Ebbingaus discussed the biggest loss of information retrieval occurs right after learning, unless special meanings/connections are made with the topics. Source