-
330
Byzantine Empire
-Centered in modern-day Istanbul
-Was the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, centred on the capital of Constantinople
-285, Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire's administration into eastern and western halves
-As Western Roman Empire collapsed in 5th century, Eastern Roman Empire continued to thrive -
466
Clovis
-Was the first king of franks to unite all tribes under one ruler
-He conquered Gaul
-He also converted to Christianity -
527
Emperor Justinian
-Sought to revive the empires greatness
-one of the last emperors to speak latin
-He was also a very prolific builder
-he reconqured most of the land lost to the Justinians -
Sep 13, 622
Hijrah
-The migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina
-Took place from June 21st to July 2nd
-Hid for three days in the Cave of Saur
-Left secretly because he heard of a plot to assasinate him -
Sep 13, 632
Muhammad
-Believed by Muslums to be a messenger and prophet of God
-Born 570 in Mecca, Died 632 in his house of a fever
-Married a girl named Khadija, a rich widow and also his employer -
Sep 13, 650
Abu Bakr
-Muhammad's father in law
-Became Muhammad's successor to the Arab Empire
-By 650, Arans had conquered all of the Persiain Empire
-Arab army was strong, efficient, and loyal -
Sep 13, 661
Umayyads
-Second Islamic Caliphate
-Formed after the death of Muhammad
-Ruled by Umayyad Dynasty
-Umayyads originally came from Mecca -
Sep 14, 742
Charlemagne
-had huge sucess in military and administration
-He conquered most of western europe and central europe
-was a humble ruler refused to call him self king at first -
Sep 13, 750
Abbasid
-Tenth of the great Muslum Caliphates of the Arab Empire
-Founded by descendants of Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
-Shifted its capital to Baghdad in 762
-Abassid rule was cut short for three years when Mongols sacked Baghdad in 1258 -
Sep 14, 750
Golden Age of Islam
-they stressed the power of knowledge.
-also practiced medicine with the help of texts from Alexandria
-There navigation of the sea was also highly advanced -
Sep 13, 1000
Seljuk Turks
-Persianate, Sunni Muslum, and Turko-Persian Dynasty
-Ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from 11th to 14th century
-When arrived in Persia, adopted its customs and culture
-Persian became the official government language of the Turks -
Sep 14, 1000
Roman Empire
-Post-Republican period of ancient Roman civilization
-Utilized an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean in Europe, Africa, and Asia
-44 BC: Caesar appointed Roman dictator
-Huge prosperity in the first two centuries for the Empire -
Sep 18, 1066
Battle of Hastings
-Happened during Norman conquest of England
- between th Norman-French army of Duke William II of Normandy and English army under King Harold II
-Harold II killed in the battle
-battle established superiority of combined arms attack over an army composed mostly of infantry -
Sep 14, 1088
Pope Urban II
-Was involved in the Crusades
-Fought against Muslums in an effort to take back Holy Land after ninety years of Arab rule
-Used Byzantines asking for his help as a demonsration that the Catholic church was better
-This convinced more men to join armies -
Sep 14, 1095
Crusades
-Pope Urban II trying to reclaim Holy Land
-Was only successful in the first battle
-He used the Crusades as a way to up his power, but eventually failed
-Crusades resulted in huge weakening of the CHristian Byzantine Empire -
Sep 18, 1199
King John
-Lost Duchy of Normandy to King Phillip II of France
-He was the youngest and favorite of five sons
-Was proclaimed King of England after his brother, Richard, died
-Became King even after a failed rebellion against his brother -
Sep 14, 1215
Magna Carta
-Charter, issued in Latin
-Esablished Due Process of Law
-First document forced onto King of England by group of subjects, the feudal barons, in attempt to limit his powers by law and protect their privileges
-King was forced to sign, and his powers were limited, and he had to obey the law -
Sep 13, 1258
Mongols in Middle East
-Founded by Ghengis Khan
-Greatest contiguous land empire in history
-swept out the Gobi in the thirteenth century
-Different powers have controlled the area since 1400 -
Sep 14, 1348
The Black Death
-One of the most devastating pandemics in human history
-Disease caused by pestisides and transmitted through diseased rodents
-Estimated to have killed 30–60% of Europe's population and reduced the world population from 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in the 14th century
-Until the 19th century, the plague returned in waves -
Sep 14, 1480
Spanish Inquisition
-Tribunal established by Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile
-Intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms
-The Inquisition was originally intended in large part to ensure the orthodoxy of those who converted from Judaism and Islam
-The body was under the direct control of the Spanish monarchy -
William of Normandy
-Owned fealety to the french king
-had large land ownings throughout England
-Did not attempt to integrate his seperate domains -
Holy Roman Empire
-Varying complex of lands in Central Europe
-Weakened during Middle Ages when Emporer lost more of his power in favor of the Prince
-Territory centered over the Kingdom of Germay
-961: Otto I was crowned Holy Roman Emporer -
Feudalism
Feudalism was a system for strucuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor.
