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Brown v. Board of Education
Racial segregation in public schools was unanimously declared illegal in this Supreme Court case, thereby ending the "separate but equal" doctrine. This lawsuit arose from African American parents who claimed that Kansas's segregation laws violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. By opposing racial discrimination and educational disparities, this advanced the cause of civil rights and acted as a spark for the larger Civil Rights Movement that would eventually emerge. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
The ESSA aimed to address inequalities in educational opportunities across the country by supplying government financing to schools serving low-income students to enhance educational equality and equity. This act is still very important in determining US educational policy. It places a strong emphasis on fair access, high academic standards, and educators' and schools' support in enhancing results for all students.
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PARC Consent Decree
The PARC filed a case that resulted in this, stating that Pennsylvanians with intellectual disabilities could not be denied access to free public education. The court determined that the state laws infringe upon their 14th Amendment rights to due process and equal treatment under the Constitution. This decree established the framework for other federal laws, such as the EHA, which guaranteed equitable educational opportunities for students with disabilities. -
Mills v. Board of Education
Regardless of the expense to the school system or the type of their disabilities, students with disabilities are entitled to a public education, according to this court case. This case resulted from a complaint that exposed the district's systemic discrimination against seven children who were denied education because of their disability. The court mandated the Board of Education to offer educational services that guarantee equal access to education for everyone, and those with disabilities. -
Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504)
Federal laws that forbid discrimination against students with disabilities in programs run by federal agencies include the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. This act mentioned sections, such as 504, which guarantees that individuals with disabilities would not be denied participation in federally financed events. This act promotes equal access and opportunities in educational settings, emphasizing affirmative action requirements for reasonable accommodations for employees with disabilities. -
Education For All Handicapped Children Act
The Education for All Handicapped Students Act required schools to receive funds and offer students with physical and mental disabilities a fee-appropriate education. According to this law, schools must assess students' special needs and create IEPs, that meet those needs. These emphasize the significance of involving parents in the decision-making process. This laid the groundwork for changes like the 1990 reauthorization of the act. -
No Child Left Behind
In public primary and secondary schools, the NCLB is raising academic standards and enhancing accountability. This law mandated that states show equitable annual progress in student success and penalize schools that consistently fall short of new performance standards. This act was criticized for prioritizing standardized testing over a more comprehensive curriculum and bringing attention to educational inequalities and improving test scores for minority students. -
RTI Model
The RTI model is a multi-tiered strategy designed to help identify and assist kids who struggle with academic behavior early on. Typically, this strategy has three tiers: Tier 1 offers all children universal teaching; Tier 2 offers more focused interventions for students who are at risk; and Tier 3 offers one-on-one assistance. This method not only helps detect learning difficulties but also makes sure that every student gets the help they need to do well in school. -
Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
This act supports the right of children with disabilities to learn with general education peers by providing them with public education in the least restrictive setting. States and governmental agencies are required by this act to identify, assess, and create IEPs for children with disabilities for their specific educational needs. Additionally reauthorized in 2004, this act influenced the development of special education in the US.
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Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)
The main piece of federal legislation in the US overseeing K–12 education is the ESSA. High academic standards are taught to all children, especially those from disadvantaged backgrounds, and authorities must put in place mechanisms for detecting and assisting failing schools. Additionally, this law mandates yearly standardized testing, with the states having the option to select the methods of assessment.