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Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
Currently known as the No Child Left Behind Act, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 had school districts increase efforts to produce students that achieve and thrive in the academic environment. They provided grants for students with disabilities or handicaps to encourage them to continue their education. It also provided special education for students that were struggling in the general education system. -
PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
The Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Citizens (PARC) went up against the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the court of law to give mentally disabled children the same right to free public education just like any other child. The case lasted from 1971-1972 and was looked over by three different judges. PARC won the trial, which was a step in the right direction and later helped in the installment of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975. -
Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia
Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia was about expanding on what PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania had fought for. Mills fought for handicapped children to have the right to a free public education. They fought for, "all children are entitled to free public education and training appropriate to their learning capacities." -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
Both the PARC v. the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia were stepping stones in the direction of passing this law. This law guaranteed a free appropriate public education to each child with a disability. In the 1990s this act was renamed to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.
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Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley
Amy Rowley was a deaf student, with hearing aids, whose school would not provide her with an interpreter, directly going against the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975. Her case was taken to the Supreme Court, which gave a better understanding to free appropriate public education. Schools do have to provide accommodations, however, because she was thriving with the hearing aids the school felt they did not need to provide an interpreter. -
Honig v. Doe
Honig v. Doe brought about "zero reject," which is one of the principles of IDEA. Zero reject states that a student with social/emotional disorders cannot be expelled for any behavior related to their disorder because they cannot control it. A school setting can be stressful for someone with a disability, which could cause any type of outburst. Link text -
Cedar Rapids v. Garret F.
Garret F. was paralyzed from the neck down from an accident at the age of 4, even though he was physically disabled his mental capacity was still functioning correctly. After his parents could not longer send a medical professional with Garret to school, they asked the school if they could provide and the school refused. The court ruled in his favor and he was able to obtain the medical assistance. Link text -
No Child Left Behind Act of 2002
The No Child Left Behind Act of 2002 was responsible for yearly standardized testing for all children in America to see how school districts were performing. The government did not realize that standardized testing was not the best way to determine the student performance. It was replaced only 13 years later with the Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015. -
Winkelman v. Parma City School District
Winkelman v. Parma City School District put parents rights ahead of the child's rights. The Winkelman parents did not agree with the IEP that the school district had come up with for their son, so they decided to put him in a private school. Before this court case, parents were small factors when it came to the school district creating IEPs for students. After this case, every decision for the child had to be run by the parents first. -
Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015
Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015 reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. This act provided extra protection for students at-risk of dropping out, and high-need students. Along with these protections, the schools are also held accountable for holding up expectation of student performance.
