History of Medicine - Macy Crawford

By macycrawford
  • 4000 BCE

    4000 BC - 3000 BC - Primitive Times

    4000 BC - 3000 BC - Primitive Times
    • illness and disease - caused by evil spirits and demons *tribal witch doctors treated illnesses with ceremonies *herbs & plants used as medicine - morphine & digitalis *trepanation/trephining: surgically removing a piece of bone from skull *average life span: 20 years
  • 3000 BCE

    3000 BC - 300 BC - Ancient Egyptians

    3000 BC - 300 BC - Ancient Egyptians
    • physicians were priests - health records were first recorded by Ancient Egyptians
    • bloodletting or leeches were used as medical treatment
    • average life span: 20-30 years
  • 1700 BCE

    1700 BC - AD 220 - Ancient Chinese

    1700 BC - AD 220 - Ancient Chinese
    • believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing spirit & nourishing body - recorded a pharmacopoeia of medincine based mainly on use of herb, used therapies (like acupuncture) *began search fo rmedical reasons for illness
    • average life span: 20-30 years
  • 1200 BCE

    1200 BC - 200 BC - Ancient Greeks

    1200 BC - 200 BC - Ancient Greeks
    • Hippocrates = "Father of Medicine"
    • first to observe human body & effects of disease
    • believed illness is a result of natural causes
    • used therapies - massage, art therapy, herbal treatments
    • stressed diet, hygiene, exercise as ways to prevent diseases
    • average life span: 25-35 years
  • 153 BCE

    153 BC - AD 410 - ANcient Romans

    153 BC - AD 410 - ANcient Romans
    • first to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
    • hospitals were religious & charitable institutions in monasteries & convents
    • first public health & sanitation systems by building sewers & aqueducts
    • Galen established belief that the body was regulated by 4 body humors - blood, phelgm, black bile, yellow bile
    • average life span: 25-35 years
  • 400

    AD 400 - AD 800 - Dark Ages

    AD 400 - AD 800 - Dark Ages
    • emphasis on saving the soul - study of medicine was prohibited
    • prayer & divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease
    • monks & priests provide custodial care for sick people
    • medicine: mainly herbal mixtures
    • average life span: 20-30 years
  • 800

    AD 800 - AD 1400 - Middle Ages

    AD 800 - AD 1400 - Middle Ages
    • renewed interest in medical practices of Greek & Romans
    • 1100: Arabs began requiring physicians pass examinations & obtain licenses
    • 1346-1353: Bubonic Plague - killed 75% of population in Europe & Asia
    • major disease: smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plague, and malaria
    • 1220-1255: medcial universities were established
    • average life span: 20-35 years
  • 800

    AD 800 - Ad 1400 - Middle Ages **Extra Credit

    AD 800 - Ad 1400 - Middle Ages **Extra Credit
    • Alexandre Yersin - french physician who discovered the Bubonic Plague (also known as the "Black Death") - people believed tis disease was spread by bad air, so they wore black bird-like masks that have large "beaks" to avoid the "bad air"
    • origin of small pox is unknown, early findings of small pox-like rashes were found on Egyptian mummies suggested that small pox have existed for at least 3000 years
    • Diphtheria was first discovered in Ancient Egypt and Greece
  • 1350

    AD 1350 - AD 1650 - Renaissance

    AD 1350 - AD 1650 - Renaissance
    • rebirth of science of medicine
    • body dissections - led to increased understanding of anatomy & physiology
    • 1440: inventing of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared
    • 1543: first anatomy book - published by Andreas Vesralius (1514-1564)
    • average life span: 30-40 years
    • disease cause - STILL unknown
  • 1350

    AD 1350 - AD 1650 - Renaissance **Extra Credit

    AD 1350 - AD 1650 - Renaissance **Extra Credit
    • Italian renaissance artists started to perform their own dissections and the great Florentine painter Antonio Pollainolo (1431/1432-1498) dissected many human bodies in order to investigate the muscles and understand the human body in a modern way.
    • Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1440
  • 1500

    16th & 17th Century

    16th & 17th Century
    • knowledge of regarding the human body GREATLY increased
    • 1500's: Ambroise Pare, french surgeon, "Father of Modern Surgery", established use of ligatures to stop bleeding
    • 1600's: Apothcaries (early pharacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
    • 1670: invention of microscope - allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms, HUGE advancement
    • average life span: 35-45 years
    • cause of disease - still unknown - many people died from infection, enlightment due to microscope

  • 16th & 17th Century **Extra Credit

    16th & 17th Century **Extra Credit
    • Dutch scientist Antoine van Leeuwenhoek designed high-powered single lens microscopes in the 1670s

  • 18th Century

    18th Century
    • 1714: Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
    • 1760: Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
    • 1778: John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures & introduced tube feeding
    • 1798: smallpox vaccine discovered
    • average life span: 40-50 years

  • 18th Century **Extra Credit

    18th Century **Extra Credit
    • Bifocals are glasses that have both a correction for your distance vision on the top of the lens, and a correction to help you read on the bottom.
    • The basis for vaccination began in 1796 when the English doctor Edward Jenner noticed that milkmaids who had gotten cowpox were protected from smallpox. Jenner also knew about variolation and guessed that exposure to cowpox could be used to protect against smallpox.

  • 19th Century

    19th Century
    • rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
    • 1816: invention of the stethescope
    • 1860: formal training for nurses began - women became active participants in health care
    • 1893: first open heart surgery - infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
    • 1895: X-ray machine developed
    • average life span: 40-60 years

  • 19th Century **Extra Credit (continued)

    19th Century **Extra Credit (continued)
    • Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781–1826) was a French physician who, in 1816, invented the stethoscope.

  • 19th Century **Extra Credit

    19th Century **Extra Credit
    • The discovery of the technology involved with X-ray machines was discovered by German scientist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. While working in a lab in Wurzberg, Röntgen was testing cathode rays
    • Daniel Hale Williams cut a small hole into Cornish's chest using a scalpel. He then repaired a severed artery and a tear in the sac surrounding the heart. Cornish lived another 20 years, and Williams became known as one of the first doctors in the world to perform a successful open-heart surgery.

  • 20th Century

    20th Century
    • 1901: ABO blood groups discovered - found out how white blood cells protect against disease
    • new medicines were developed: 1922: insulin discovered & used to treat diabetes, 1928: antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin)
    • new machines were developed: 1943: kidney dialysis machine, 1953: heart lung machine, surgical diagnostic techniques developed to cure once

  • 20th Century (continued)

    20th Century (continued)
    • 1953: structure of DNA discovered & research in gene therapy begins
    • 1956: first bone marrow transfer - initiated embryonic stem cell research
    • 1978: test tube babies
    • organ transplants: 1960: kidney, 1963: liver, 1967: heart, 1982: artificial heart

  • 20th Sentury Vaccines

    20th Sentury Vaccines
    • 1921: Diptheria
    • 1925; Tuberculosis
    • 1927: Perussis
    • 1937: Typhus
    • 1945: Influenza
    • 1962: Oral Polio
    • 1963: Measles
    • 1967: Mumps
    • 1970: Rubella
    • 1974: Chicken Pox *. 1977: Streptococcus Pnueumonia
    • 1978: Meningitis
    • 1981: Hepatitis B
    • 1992: Hepatitis A
    • 1998: Lyme Disease
    • 1998: Rotavirus

  • 20th-21st Century - Top 10

    20th-21st Century - Top 10
    • 2011: the first totally implantabale artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, KY
    • 2003: Human Genome Project Completed - mapped out human disease in an effort to get a handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases
    • 2005: face transplants
    • Vaccine - 2006: HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine) (prevents cervical cancer), 2015: malaria, 2015: ebola

  • 20th-21th Century - Top 10

    20th-21th Century - Top 10
    • 1910: laprascopic surgery - minimal invasive surgery
    • 1970's: targeted cancer therapies - interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth, identify and kill cancer cells
    • 1990: "Smoke Free" laws - decrease in 2nd hand smoke
    • 1996: Advances in HIV medicine - turned a "death sentence disease" into manageable chronic disease (normal life span)
    • 1999: rapid advances in stem cell research, re-create lost/damaged tissue

  • 20th Century **Extra Credit

    20th Century **Extra Credit
    • Karl Landsteiner first published his seminal discovery about blood types as a footnote in a paper on pathologic anatomy in which he described the agglutination that may occur when the blood of one person is brought into contact with that of another.
    • Insulin was discovered by Sir Frederick G Banting (pictured), Charles H Best and JJR Macleod at the University of Toronto in 1921 and it was later purified by James B Collip.

  • 20th Century **Exra Credit (continued)

    20th Century **Exra Credit (continued)
    • the first true antibiotic, was discovered by Alexander Fleming, Professor of Bacteriology at St. Mary's Hospital in London in 1928
    • Willem Kolff is considered the father of dialysis. This young Dutch physician constructed the first dialyzer (artificial kidney) in 1943. The road to Kolff's creation of an artificial kidney began in the late 1930s when he was working in a small ward at the University of Groningen Hospital in the Netherlands.

  • 20th Century **Extar Credit (continued)

    20th Century **Extar Credit (continued)
    • The birth of the world's first 'test-tube baby', Louise Brown, on 25 July 1978 in Oldham, northwest England has come to represent the origin story of technologically assisted human reproduction.
    • Dr. Joseph Murray was the first surgeon to successfully perform renal transplantation, first in identical twins, then in non-identical twins and, finally, using a cadaveric donor.

  • 20th Century Vaccines **Extra Credit

    20th Century Vaccines **Extra Credit
    • Emil von Behring, born Emil Adolf Behring, was a German physiologist who received the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, the first one awarded in that field, for his discovery of a diphtheria antitoxin.
    • Albert Calmette and Jean-Marie Camille Guerin developed the Tuberculosis vaccine in 1921.
    • As the Great Depression raged, scientists Pearl Kendrick and Grace Eldering developed the first effective pertussis vaccine on a shoestring budget.

  • 20th Century **extra Credit (continued)

    20th Century **extra Credit (continued)
    • Thomas Starzl, the surgeon who performed the world's first liver transplantation in 1963, the world's first successful liver transplantation in 1967, and the first simultaneous heart and liver transplantation in 1984, never enjoyed the surgical process.
    • surgeon Christiaan Barnard performed the first human heart transplant on a human being at the Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa.Dec

  • 20th Century Vaccines **Extra Credit

    20th Century Vaccines **Extra Credit
    • John Enders developed the measles vaccine in 1963 by taking the Edmonston-B strain of measles virus was turned into a vaccine by John Enders and colleagues and licensed in the United States
    • In 1963, Hilleman isolated the mumps virus from a throat swab from his five-year old daughter and developed a new vaccine, which was licensed in 1967, and was officially named “Jeryl Lynn” after her

  • 20th Century Vaccines **Extra Credit

    20th Century Vaccines **Extra Credit
    • Maurice Hilleman developed the Hepatitus A in 1992
    • Valneva and Pfizer developed the Lyme disease vaccine in 1998
    • Maharaj Kishan Bhan developed the rotavirus vaccine in 1998

  • 20th Century Vaccines **Extra Credit

    20th Century Vaccines **Extra Credit
    • Dr Takahashi returned to Japan in 1965 and developed an early version of the vaccine within five years. By 1972, he was experimenting with it in clinical trials. In 1974, Dr. Takahashi had developed the first vaccine targeting the varicella virus that causes chickenpox
    • The first recombinant HepB vaccine, Recombivax HB, was licensed in the United States in 1986. A second recombinant vaccine, Engerix-B, was licensed in 1989

  • 20th Century **Exra Credit (continued)

    20th Century **Exra Credit (continued)
    • Dr. John Gibbon developed a heart-lung machine that he used in 1953 to successfully complete the first open-heart operation.
    • The 3-dimensional double helix structure of DNA, correctly elucidated by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953
    • In 1956, the first successful bone marrow transplant was performed by Dr E. Donnall Thomas in Cooperstown, New York. This milestone involved identical twins, with bone marrow taken from the healthy twin, and given to the other, who had leukaemia.

  • 20th Century Vaccines **Extra Credit

    20th Century Vaccines **Extra Credit
    • Rudolf Weigl developed the vaccine for typhus in 1937 by raising millions of infected lice in a laboratory and harvesting their guts to get the materials for a vaccine
    • In 1962, an oral vaccine developed by Polish-American researcher Albert Sabin became available, greatly facilitating the distribution of the polio vaccine. Today, there is no year-round transmission of poliovirus in the United States. Among other honors, Jonas Salk was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977.