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Scientific Method
The development of the scientific method helped aid the scientific revolution. Francis Bacon was a great contributor to this method. The steps to the scientific method are asking a question, build a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, analyze the data, and communicate your results. This method greatly helped support the ideas of the scientific revolution. -
Galileo
Galileo was a mathematician, and astronomer who was a key contributor to the Scientific Revolution. He discovered a new type of spyglass he could use to get a better look at the objects in the sky. From this he discovered that there are mountains on the moon and sunspots. This also supported the idea of a heliocentric “sun-centered” universe. This idea challenged the bible and the churches beliefs of a geocentric “earth-centered” universe and caused a lot of controversy. -
William Harvey
Harvey was an English physician during the scientific revolution. His most famous piece of work was a book called “On the Motion of the Heart and Blood” which was released in 1628. In this he explains his theory that the heart is the center of the circulation system and it pumps blood thought out the body using both veins and arteries. -
Palace of Versailles
Versailles was the home of the king of France prior to the French Rev. King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were the last king and queen to live there. Versailles was located about ten miles south of Paris. Versailles was center of political power in France prior to the French revolution. The people of Paris didn’t like the King living in Versailles because they felt they were disconnected with them. The women’s march on Versailles would force the royal family to move from Versailles to Paris. -
Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton was a mathematician and a physicist during the scientific revolution. Some of Newton’s greatest works came during the period of 1684-1686. His most important piece of work during that time was Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. In this he explains his universal laws of gravitation. These laws of graviton helped piece together the theories of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo. -
Voltaire
Voltaire was considered the greatest figure of the enlightened period. He was an author who wrote pamphlets, novels, plays, letters, philosophical essays, and histories. He was known for his criticism of traditional religion and deism. -
Rococo Art
1730's new style of art affected decoration and architecture all over Europe. Unlike the art in the seventeenth century, Rococo Art emphasized grace and gentle action and rejected strict geometrical patterns and favored curves. This form of art's lightness and charm spoke of the pursuit of pleasure, happiness, and love. -
Seven Years War
There was a major conflict between the French and the Austrians, but there was now two new rivalries that changed things. Britain and France had conflict over colonial empires and Austria and Prussia had conflict over Silesia. Because of this France allied with Austria and Russia. Also, Great Britain allied with Prussia. The war lasted from 1756-1763. By the treaty of Paris the French withdrew and left India to British because India was one of the things they were fighting over. -
The industiral revolutions steam engine
The Steam Engine was created by James Watt and was very important for the Industrial Revolution. It revolutionized production of cotton goods and allowed factories to expand creating a demand for coal production which led to fueling other useful machines. -
Catherine the Great
Catherine the Great was the ruler of Russia, but she wasn't a Russian princess, she was German. The reason she became the ruler was because she was married to Peter III who was the ruler at the timeand he was murdered. She tried to reform Russia with enlightened ideas. -
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Beethoven and Romanticism
Ludwig Von Beethoven [1770-1827] and the music he created embodied the ideals of the 18th century romanticism period. Romanticism was the emotional reaction to the previous Enlightenment intellectual movement and its focus on reason and logic. Beethoven stressed feelings, creativity, individual uniqueness, and imagination in his music and were key elements of romanticism. Even to this day, his music has the same irresistible influence on the listener. -
Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Philosopher Adam Smith published,"The Wealth of Nations"in 1776. Smith was a supporter of laissez-faire,a French term meaning"let it alone."The government should have three basic functions,Smith believed.An army,to protect from invasion,police,to protect the people from oppression and injustice,and to have public works to build roads and canals. Smith believed that the state should stay away from economic matters but should be a "passive policeman" that stays out of lndividual people's lives -
The Great Hunger
Ireland's population doubled from 4 to 8 million people. They depended on their potatoe crop as their food source. In 1854 that crop was hit with a fungas turning potatos black. More than a million people died of starvation and diese and more than 2 million people emigrated to the U.S./Britian betweem 1845-1851 -
Fall of The Bastille
Parisian crowds in search of weapons attacked and captured this royal armory. It was also a state prison. When it fell, it helped liberty triumph over the current French rule. This was a major event in the French revolution because the Bastille was always such a scary thing for the people of France. -
The Reign of Terror
In the course of 9 months, 16 thousand people were officially killed by the guillotine. This was the National Convention and the Committee of Public Safety’s answer to the domestic crisis going on in France. This was very important because all the different class levels in france were affected by it. -
Role of Women
During the late 1800s women were considered legally inferior, economically dependent, and defined by household rules. The job of women was to care for the family while their husbands went to work to earn money for the family. Marriage was seen as an economic necessity for women because without men it was very hard for women to get a job that made any money. It was very hard for women to be single during this period of time. -
Population Growth
Populations began to expand in the 18th century, but it wasent a problem until the 19th century. The more people increased death decreased. People were getting nutrition and sickness and plagues were at a decrease. Due to the revolution their were more food resources. -
The Battle Of Waterloo
Napoleon met a combined English and Prussian army under the duke of Wellington and suffered a bloody defeat. This was very important because it was the official end to Napoleon’s rule. He was exiled ti Saint Helena after this and he spent the rest of his life there until he died in 1821. -
The Stonebreakers
Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) was the most famous artist in the Realist school. The term realism was first applied to one of his painting. Courbet paintings focused on straightforward, everyday life. One of his most famous works, The Stonebreakers, painted in 1849, shows two men engaged in the exhausting work of breaking stones to build a road. -
Learning from others mistakes in Industrial Revolution
Britian held "the great exhibition" and by this time Britian was the worlds richest industrial nation. They produced 1 1/2 of the worlds coal and manufactored goods. They were off to a great start getting ahead of other countries. On the other hand their was a downfall to all of their success. They expanded their country so fast with all of these new technologies they found they had a lack of technical knowledge. Other countries around them saw this as a learning tool. -
Birth of the Second Empire
Napoleon III was elected as the president of the French Republic. Many people called him "Napoleon the small" because they thought he was only elected due to his name, but in reality, Napoleon III was a very clever politician. He soon gained the support of the French people and when the National Assembly rejected his wish for re-electon, Napoleon used troops to seize the government. After he reinstated male sufferage, he asked the people to restore the empire, thus the Second Empire had begun -
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The Unification of Italy
The Royal House of Savory ruled the Kingdom of Piedmont. Advocates for Italian unification focused on Piedmont as their best hope to achieve their goal. Leadership came when Count Camillo di Cavour was selected prime minister. Cavour made an alliance with France then provoked Austria to invade Piedmont. When the war was won other northern states overthrew their govnt and joined Piedmont. Giuseppe Garibaldi raised an army and gained controle of southern italy and gave it all to Piedmont. -
John Stuart Mill's book "On Liberty"
John Stuart Mill's "On Liberty" showcased an ideology of change from the conservative, old order of legitimate monarchy to a new philosophy of person freedom and liberties known as liberalism. As a true voice of change, he even argued that these individual rights applied to women as well. He vehemently opposed government censorship and tyranny. Censorship and tryanny stood in the way of the rights of all individuals. He believed that the individual was capable of making better decisions. -
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American Civil War
The American Civil Was was an extraordinary bloody struggle. More than 600,000 soldiers died. Years after the was begun a war to save the Union became a war against slavery. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation made most of the nation's slaves, "forever free", and the effeective Union blockade and a shortage of Confederate men made the South's cause desperate. The final push under General Ulysses S. Grant forced the Cofederate army to surrender and the U.S. would be "one nation, indivisible." -
The Emergence of Canada as a Nation
By the Treaty of Paris in 1763, Canada-or New France, as it was called - passed into the hands of the British. After 1815 an increase in immigration to Canada fueled the desire for self Government. After rebellions started to occur in Lower Canada, the British Govn't gave into Canadian demands. The British were fearful of U.S. designs on Canada and eager to lower costs from maintaining the colonies, so in 1867, Parliament established the Canadian Nation with its own constitution. -
Invention of the Lightbulb
The 1st light bulb was built by Humphry Davy (an Englishman) in 1809. Thomas Alva Edison improved the invention and based his improvements on a patent he purchased from inventors Henry Woodward & Matthew Evans who patented their bulb in 1879. This was very important because it allowed businesses to stay open later and allowed people to stay up longer. -
Sigmund Freud
Freud was a Viennese doctor. He released a book called “the Interpretation of Dreams”. This would become the foundation for psychoanalysis. He believed that people had a unconscious mind. They acted due to pervious experiences and internal forces. He also believed people’s minds where composed of three factors the id ego, and super-ego. Freud’s theories are still used today. -
Franz Ferdinand
Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia were assassinated this day by a Bosnian activist who worked for the Black Hand. (This was a terrorist organization.) Austrian leaders declared War on Serbia because of this thinking they had everything to do with the assassination. Germany got involved because they were allied with Austria. Russia declared war on France for helping Germany and then it eventually spread throughout Belgium, This all happened in the matter of a couple months. -
Zimmmerman Teleograph
The War had been going on since 1914 and the United States tried to stay out of it as long as possible. Germany sent a telegraph to Mexico saying if they declare War on the U.S they will wont declare war on Mexico. This was a secret teleograph called the Zimmerman Teleograph. Great Britian got a hold of this and told the United States and thats when President WIlson decideded it was time to fight this war. -
V.I Lenin
Lenin spent time in Siberia and Switzerland in the early 20th century due to being arrested for revolutionary activity. He would become the leader of the Bolsheviks, a political group that believed in violent revolution. He would lead them to victory in the Russian Civil War over the White Army. He would become the leader of the Communist. -
Impact of the War
The War affected many people not just the soldiers fighting in it. Women got more freedom since all the men were out fighting they had to take over the factory work instead of staying home with the kids which lead to them getting rights to vote. It destroyed the economy since the war lasted longer than expected. We gained more war far and new tactics and materials as an advantage. -
Treaty of Versailles.
This was the final peace treaty of World War 1. It consisted of 5 seperate treaties explaining that Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey would all be seperated into their own nations. The treaty with Germany was the most importatnt. They blamed Germany for starting the war which in result they had to pay. It also stated Germans were very harsh and in result they had to cut back their army and their navy and eliminate their airforce. Those casted out moved into France -
Benito Mussolini
Mussolini was a fascist style political leader in Italy. On October 29, 1922 Mussolini and his followers threaten to march on Rome if they were not giving power they wanted. The King gave in to Mussolini and made him Prime Minister of Italy. He would lead Italy into World War II. During the summer of 1943 he would be captured and killed. -
Treaty of Locarno
The treaty of Locarno was a agreement between Germany and France that established the western borders of Germany with Belgium and France but not the eastern borders along side of Poland. Many Europeans believed this would bring a long era of peace in this region. -
Joseph Stalin
Stalin would gain control of power after Lenin’s death by beating out Trotsky. Stalin would introduce his five year plan in 1928 that would change the Soviet Union from an agriculture nation in to an Industrial nation. He would get rid of small private farms and create collective farms. This would eliminate the idea of private property. Anyone who challenged his ideas would be sent to forced-labor camps in Siberia. His ideas did help the Soviet Union transform in to a modernized nation. -
The Great Depression
The great depression began with the crash of the U.S stock market on October 29, 1929 best known as Black Tuesday. The crash of the U.S stock market lead investors to pull money out of the European markets crippling there markets. Overproduction and the lack of jobs helped send the economy into a greater depression. The Great Depression would last till the late 1930’s early 1940’s depending on the nation. -
Adolf Hitler
Adolf was an Austrian born, German Leader prior to and during World War II. Hitler served in the German Army during World War I on the Western Front. After the war Hitler entered the world of politics. He would become the leader of the Nazi Party. He would use propaganda and his great public speaking skills to promote is extreme anti-Semitism ideas to the masses. He would gain power in 1933 as chancellor. He would lead Germany into World War II and eventually dies at the end of the war in 1945. -
The Attack on Pearl Harbor
Japanese carrier-based aircraft attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands. The Japanese completely obliterated the US base and killed thousands of soldiers and civilians. This is a very important event because it is what forced the United States to join World War II. -
The Tehran Conference
Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill, the leaders of the Big Three powers of the Grand alliance met at Tehran. This meeting in Iran was to decide the future course of the war. Their major tactical decision concerned the final assault on Germany. -
The Marshall Plan
A European Recovery program. It intended to rebuild property and stability, this program included $13 billion for the economic recovery of war-torn Europe. The underlying belief was that Communist aggression fed off economic turmoil. From the soviet perspective, the Marshall Plan guaranteed “the Americans loans in return for the relinquishing by the European states of their economic and later also their political independence”. This was important because it helped stop the spread of Communism. -
Truman Doctrine
Truman requested $400 million in economic and military aid for Greece and Turkey from US Congress. It stated that the US would provide money to countries that claimed they were threatened by Communist expansion. -
The Berlin Airlift
Enabled the US to fly 13,000 tons of supplies daily to Berlin and thus break the Soviet land blockade of the city. The Soviets were blocking anything on the ground from getting into berlin in an attempt to starve the citizens, forcing Germany to listen to the Soviets. This was important because it saved the people of Berlin from starving to death or dying of illness. -
Korean War
Korea was separated into two different parts. North Korea was supported by the Soviet Union and South Korea was recieving aid from the US. In 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea. America intervened because they saw this as another example of Communist expanision. -
Warsaw Pact
A military alliance in which Albania, Bulgaria, Czechosloakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union agreed to provide mutual assistance. -
Cuban Missile Crisis
When the Soviet Union decided to station nuclear missiles in Cuba, the US was upset because they didn't want nuclear weapons so close to American soil. Us Intelligence discovered a Soviet fleet carrying missiles was heading towards Cuba so President Kennedy decided to blockade Cuba and the fleet. Soviet Union agreed to turn away the fleet if Kennedy pledged not to invade Cuda.
