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Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded
-Civil Rights: The political, social freedom, and equality of citizens.
-CORE was founded by a group of students in Chicago. The group was committed to nonviolent direct actions. It gained nationwide attention and went to spread after it's first peaceful protest.
-CORE turned it's attention to the South in the late 1950s. -
Jackie Robinson Hired to the Brooklyn Dodgers
-Color line: A term used to describe the segregation between whites and blacks.
-Jackie Robinson broke the color line when he got hired to play for the Brooklyn Dodgers by their general manager Branch Rickey. At the time African Americans could only play in the "negro leagues."
-Fans taunted him and some of Jackie Robinson's teammates resented playing on a team with a African American. Players on other teams tried to "bean" him with the ball and spike him with their cleats. -
Executive Order 9981
-Segregation: The action of setting something apart from others.
-It was an order signed by President Truman on July 28th, 1948 that stated that the policy of the president was equality of treatment and opportunity for everyone without regard to race, religion, or national origin.
-Desegregation became an official policy in the armed forces. -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
-Nation of Islam, Malcom X: Malcom X was an African American leader who articulated concepts of race pride and black nationalism. The Nation of Islam, an organization of African Americans that taught Islam.
-Malcom X was one the advocates for black nationalism, he was the Nation of Islam's most effective preacher and he got featured on a TV special bringing himself nationwide attention.
-Black Nationalism proposed separation from white society so black Muslims established their own businesses. -
Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
-Thurgood Marshall: Thurgood Marshall was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court.
-Oliver Brown, the father of Linda Brown, contacted the NAACP organization and gathered 12 other parents in an effort to desegregate schools. After having their admissions denied, the NAACP sued the Topeka School District in court in 1951.
-The Supreme Court ruling dismantled the legal basis for segregation in schools and other such public places. -
Start of Montgomery Bus Boycott
-Boycott & Rosa Parks: Ceasing from doing something. After Rosa Parks got arrested for refusing to get off her seat after a white passenger told her to. This resulted in African Americans refusing to use buses.
-Leaders of the Montgomery NAACP used Rosa Park's case as a test to fight against segregation. The group of African American ministers organized a one-day Bus Boycott on December 5th, 1955.
-On this day 90% of African Americans who usually rode the bus did not get on. -
Integration of Central High School
-Little Rock Nine: A group of nine African Americans who went to Little Rock Central High School in 1957.
-The Governor did not support desegregation so on September 4th, 1957 he sent troops to Little Rock Central High School to prevent the African American students from entering while angry white mobs swarmed the school.
-The mayor of Little Rock asked president Eisenhower who sent federal troops to accompany and protect the African American students from the white mobs and white students. -
First Lunch Counter Sit-in
-Jim Crow Laws & Sit-ins: Jim Crow Laws were laws that allowed segregation between whites and blacks. The sit-ins were a way to nonviolently oppose the Jim Crow Laws.
-Four African American students from North Carolina sat down at a lunch counter and stayed there until it closed after a waitress refused to serve them because they were African Americans.
-This act caught nationwide attention for the Civil Rights Movement. African Americans began performing sit-ins all across the South. -
Freedom Rides
-Civil Disobedience: A peaceful way of opposing something the protestors disagree with.
-Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was involved with organizing the Freedom Rides.
-Congress of Racial Equality abandoned the idea of Freedom Rides, but the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) continued them.
-Some Freedom Rides were attacked by white mobs for the cause. The white mobs would set the bus on fire and beat the passengers as they ran out. -
Birmingham Campaign: Letter from a Birmingham Jail
-SCLC: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference is a African American civil rights group that Martin Luther King Jr. was the president of.
-After thirteen protesters were arrested on April 3rd, 1963 following sit-ins and street demonstrations, Martin Luther King Jr. wanted the protests and arrests to continue. King and fifty other protesters were arrested on April 12th, 1963.
-The SCLC used a thousand children to protest in fear of being arrested. The children proceeded to get arrested. -
March on Washington
-NAACP: A civil rights organization that fought against prejudice, lynching, and segregation.
-The March on Washington was organized by the leaders of the nation's largest civil rights organizations and involved 250,000 protesters. About 60,000 of them were white students, entertainers, union members, and even celebrities like Rosa Parks and Jackie Robison.
-Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous "I Have A Dream" speech at the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Plessy v. Ferguson: A supreme court case held in 1896 that upheld the rights for states to have laws that allowed segregation.
-The Civil Rights Act banned discrimination against people of different race, sex, religion, and nationality.
-President Kennedy supported this act and president Lyndon B. Johnson pushed for it after his assassination. The bill was passed and was signed into law on July 2, 1964. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
-Disenfranchise: To not allow people to vote.
-Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965
-African Americans gained the right to vote from this act. -
Watts Riots
-Kerner Commission & ghettos: It was an investigation of the causes of the 1967 race riots in the African American ghettos.
-In the August of 1965, a race riot broke out in the streets of Watts, an African American ghetto in Los Angeles. The riot was caused by police brutality charges.
-The riot lasted for six days and had 34 people die, 900 injured, and 4,000 were arrested. The rioters burned and looted neighborhoods causing around $45 million of damage. The riot was stopped by national guard. -
Black Panther Party Founded
-Black Power: It was a movement during the 60s that supported the rights and political power of African Americans.
-In 1966, Bobby Seale and Huey Newton founded the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California.
-The Black Panthers provided many services for the African American community and they carried weapons so they were willing to stand up to the police. -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
-Discrimination: Prejudice against different categories or people or things.
-The Civil Rights Act of 1968 outlawed discrimination when hiring people based on religion, race, gender, or national origin.
-Many people argued that this wasn't enough including president Lyndon B Johnson. He argued that more needed to be done to counteract past discriminations that denied minorities from equal opportunities. -
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
-Desegregation: The ending to racial segregation.
-This supreme court case questioned if de facto segregation caused by housing patterns was constitutional.
-This occurred at Mecklenburg School in North Carolina because most of the children there lived in predominantly white or black neighborhoods and attended all-white or all-black schools.
-A federal judge ordered for buses to go to schools outside their neighborhoods to create more racially balanced schools which the court supported. -
Regents of the University of California vs Bakke
-Affirmative action: A policy or action that favors people suffering from discrimination.
-In the late 70s, a white male named Allan Bakke challenged the preferential treatment in the University of California's admission by applying admission twice. He got rejected both times while minorities with lower scores got in. He concluded it was because he was white and sued the university.
-Regents of the University of California vs Bakke reached the Supreme Court in 1977. The court was divided by it.
