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Plessy v. Ferguson
In 1896, in Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the 14th amendment "Separate but equal" -
Creation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
An African-American organization in the U.S. with the mission to ensure political, social, educational, and economic inequality. -
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De jure vs. De facto segregation
For example, often the concentration of African-Americans in certain neighborhoods produces neighborhood schools that are predominantly black, or segregated in fact de facto, although not by law . http://www.dictionary.com/browse/de-facto-segregation -
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
This ruling made segregation in public schools illegal. Now all schools are integrated, Thurgood Marshall helped beat this case -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The face-to-face confrontation at Central High School was not the only showdown over segregation in the mid- 1950s. On December 1, 1955 months after Emmett Till's murder, Rosa Parks, a seamstress and an NAACP officer, took a seat in the front row of the "colored" section of a Montgomery bus. Rosa was arrested -
Little Rock School Intergration
Citizens of Little Rock elected two men who publicly backed desegregation. Though the Governor Orval Faubus showed support of school segregation. He ordered the National Guard to take the "Little Rock Nine" out the schools. -
The Sit-Ins
organizers believed that if the violence were only on the part of the white community, the world would see the righteousness of their cause. -
Freedom Rides
Historic bus trip across the south with people (freedom riders) who wanted to provoke a violent reaction that would convince Kennedy administration to enforce the law -
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March on Birmingham, Alabama
In 1963, Birmingham became a focus for the civil rights movement. Project C better known as the Birmingham campaign. It was a start of sit-ins, marches on city hall, and boycotts downtown for protesting segregation laws. -
March on Washington
Civil Rights Bill President Kennedy sent to congress guaranteed equal access to all public accommodations and gave the U.S. attorney general the power to file school desegregation suits. More than 250,000 people including whites converged on the nation's capital. "I have a dream" speech recited by MLK -
24th Amendment
Poll taxes which were grandfather laws that prevented African Americans from voting. This mainly in the southern states. The other grandfather laws prevented blacks to have any political power. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act ended public segregation and employment discrimination on the basis,race,sex, and color. It survived strong opposition from the southern members of the congress. -
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March from Selma to Montgomery for voting rights
The 3 marches were part of the voting rights movement of Selma, Alabama -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
This Act got rid of the literacy test that had disqualified many voters.In Selma, the proportion of African Americans registered to vote rose from 10% in 1964 to 60% in 1968 -
Creation of Black Panther Party
The Black Panther Party was a revolutionary black nationalist and socialist group. -
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Race Riots
In the 1960s racial rioting was a big deal. For example, six days after civil rights activist Dr. Martin Luther King was assassinated 110 U.S. cities erupted including Washington, Chicago, and Baltimore which were affected the most.
