-
SECOND CONDITIONAL
The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive:
if + past simple, ...would + infinitive It has two uses.
First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true. Maybe I'm imagining some dream. Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it's not true. Is that clear? -
PASSIVE VOICE
Use of Passive
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action. Example: My bike was stolen. Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs) -
PRESENT PASSIVE
The active voice is used when the subject of the sentence does the action. A:subject and B:object.
My mom sings that song.
A B
The passive voice is used when we focus on the object of the sentence. In the example, B becomes the subject.
That song is sung by my mom.
B A In the present simple, the passive is: am / is / are + past participle (3rd form of the verb). -
PAST PASSIVE
Past Simple Passive is normally used to talk about some completed actions in the past.
In the passive voice, emphasis is put on the effect of an action rather than on the doer.
Let’s compare active and passive structures in Past Simple. The Past Simple Active is formed like this:
[subject] + verb with -ed ending (or the Past Simple form for irregular verbs) To make statements with the Past Simple Passive, use:
was/were + the Past Participle form of the verb -
PAST MODALS PERFECTS
Should have, could have, and would have are sometimes called “modals of lost opportunity” because they describe situations when we are imagining that the past was different.
-Use should have to say that a different action was recommended in the past.
-Use could have to talk about possibilities if something had been different in the past.
-Use would have to imagine a result (if something had been different in the past): -
PAST MODALS DEDUCTION
We can use modal verbs for deduction – guessing if something is true using the available information. The modal verb we choose shows how certain we are about the possibility.
We use must have + past participle when we feel sure about what happened.
We can use might have or may have + past participle when we think it's possible that something happened.
We use can't have and couldn't have + past participle when we think it's not possible that something happened. -
COMPARATIVE
-We use comparative adjectives to show change or make comparisons
-We use than when we want to compare one thing with another
-When we want to describe how something or someone changes we can use two comparatives with and
-We often use the with comparative adjectives to show that one thing depends on another -
SUPERLATIVES
We use the with superlative adjectives:
It was the happiest day of my life.
Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
That’s the best film I have seen this year.
I have three sisters: Jan is the oldest and Angela is the youngest.
