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Congress of Racial Equality Founded
Civil Rights- an organization founded in 1942 that was dedicated to civil rights reform through nonviolent action
-Founded in Chicago -
Dodgers hire Jackie Robinson
Color line- a barrier created by custom, law, and economic differences that separated whites from nonwhites
Jackie Robinson began his baseball career in the Negro Leagues after World War II -
Executive Order 9981
Segregation- an executive order issued by President Harry S. Truman in 1948 ending segregation in the military -
Brown v. Board of Education Ruling
Thurgood Marshall- The NAACP's lead attorney
Brown vs Board of Education- the 1954 Supreme Court ruling declaring that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Boycott & Rosa Parks- a 1955 boycott that resulted in the integration of Montgomery, Alabama's bus system
To lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the MIA chose a 26-year-old minister, Martin Luther King Jr -
integration of central high school
-little rock 9- first 9 back student who integration into a white school
-little rock 9 students were not welcomed into thair school
students were taken into school for safety -
First lunch counter sit-in
Sit-in's- a civil rights protest in which protesters sit down in a public place and refuse to move, thereby causing the business to lose customers -
Freedom Rides
Civil disobedience- the nonviolent refusal to obey a law that the protester considers to be unjust
SNCC- a civil rights organization formed in 1960 by college students, who organized sit-ins and other nonviolent protests -
Birmingham campaign
SCLC-stepped directly into this violent climate in the spring of 1963
they carefully planned a series of nonviolent actions against segregation -
March on Washington
NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
It's where the "I Have a Dream" speech was held -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Plessy v. Ferguson- was a landmark constitutional law case of the US Supreme Court. It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal". -
Advocates for Black Nationalism
Nation of Islam- a religious group, also known as the Black Muslims, that promoted complete separation from white society by establishing black businesses, schools, and communities
Malcom X- was a leader of black nationalism -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Voting Rights Act of 1965- an act of Congress outlawing literacy tests and other tactics that had long been used to deny African-Americans the right to vote
Freedom Summer- a 1964 campaign by CORE and SNCC to register black voters in Mississippi -
Watts Riot
Kerner Commission- the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders that concluded that white racism was the fundamental cause of the Watts riot
ghettos- a part of a city where people belonging to a single ethnic group live
Watts Riot- a 1965 race riot in Watts, a black ghetto in Los Angeles, caused by frustrations about poverty, prejudice, and police mistreatment -
Black Panther Party Founded
Black Power-power to shape public policy through the political process
Black Panther Party- a group founded in 1966 that demanded economic and political rights and was prepared to take violent action -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Civil Rights Act of 1968- a law that included a ban on discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, or sex -
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education
Swann vs Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education- the 1971 Supreme Court ruling that busing was an acceptable way to achieve school integration -
Regents of the Univeristy of California v. Bakke
Regents of the University of California vs Bakke- a 1978 Supreme Court ruling that narrowly upheld affirmative action, declaring that race may be one factor, but not the sole criterion, in school admissions
