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Plessy v.Ferguson Separate Car Act
Ferguson passed the Separate Cars Act in 1890, which is the law Plessy broke. Plessy identified as 7/8 Caucasian and 1/8 African American, so when he boarded a train on June 7, 1892, he sat in the “white-only” section when asked to move, but he refused. Leading to Plessy's arrest, he tried to appeal the court's decision, arguing that they were violating his 14th Amendment. The courts denied his request, further establishing the presence of segregation within the legislature. -
Brown v. the Board of Education, Topeka
Dec 9, 1952 – May 17, 1954
The board of education of Topeka, Kansas, was sued by Oliver Brown for not letting his daughter enter an all-white school. The people involved were Oliver Brown, Chief Justice Earl Warren, The NAACP, and Thurgood Marshall. In May of 1954, segregation was finally ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court's 9-0 ruling. Brown v. Board of Education was a case that corrected the effect of Plessy v. Ferguson, and segregation became unconstitutional. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Elementary and Secondary Education Act was a civil rights law that allowed federal grants to districts serving low-income students, to provide textbooks and library books, funding for special education programs, and scholarships for low-income college students. -
Tinker v. Des Moines
The Tinker v. Des Moines case ruled with a 7-2 vote from the Supreme Court that students protesting the Vietnam War were protected from the First Amendment. School staff members are not allowed to censor student's speech unless it disrupts the educational process. -
Title IX
Patsy T. Mink wrote Title IX of the Education. This amendment prohibited discrimination involving pregnancy, sexual orientation, and gender identity. All federally funded facilities must follow the Title IX of the Education Amendment. -
Education of all Handicapped Children Act
President Gerald Ford signed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act. The act was passed on November 29, 1975. This act ensured free appropriate public education (FAPE) for all children with a disability. Also, each child with a disability should be placed in their least restrictive environment (LRE). -
Indian Child Welfare Act
Native American children were taken from their families to force them to assimilate into “American culture.” The children were abused emotionally, psychologically, physically, and sexually. In 1978, the Indian Child Welfare Act was passed, leading to Native American parents receiving rights to their children. Native American boarding schools are still around but with different intentions. -
Plyler v. Doe
A school district tried to charge an annual $1,000 tuition fee for each undocumented student to compensate for the lost state funding. However, when the case was brought to the Supreme Court, they ruled 5-4 for the Plyler v. Doe case, deciding that states cannot constitutionally deny students a free public education because of their immigration status. -
New Jersey v. TLO
The New Jersey v. TLO was a landmark case because it set standards by which a public school official can search a student on school property without a search warrant and to what extent. -
IDEA act
The Idea Act was initially named the "Education For All Handicapped Children Act. Then, in 1990, the new amendment added traumatic brain injuries and autism into the disability category. During this time, the legislature also changed the name to the IDEA Act. The IDEA Act ensured children with disabilities would receive an education that would set them up for success.