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The Treaty of Westphalia
This is an excerpt of the The Treaty of Westphalia, 1648. It marked the end of the Thirty Years War (1618-1648), a brutal conflict between Catholic and Protestant states. It is the starting point for the development of international law and it marks the beginning of an epoch in the evolution of law. The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) consecrates the notion of tolerance by establishing equality between Protestant and Catholic states and “by providing some safeguards for religious minorities.” -
The Treaty of Paris
This is an excerpt from the Treaty of Paris (1763). The Treaty of Paris establishes principles of equality, such as liberty, among religious groups, specifically Roman Catholic, ending the Seven Years War (1756-1763). Roman Catholic subjects are entitled in professing their worship of their religion, according to the Roman Church rights, and as far as the laws of Great Britain permit. -
The Treaty of Vienna
These are two excerpts from the Treaty of Vienna (1815). The leaders of Europe were not enthusiastic about religious toleration, but the experience of religious wars brought no alternative. The treaty explores the precepts of “[j]ustice, Christian [c]harity and [p]eace, which [are] far from being applicable only to private concerns must have an immediate influence,” for all men must consider each other as “brethren.” -
The Treaty of Berlin
This is an excerpt from the Treaty of Berlin (1878). This treaty includes notions of religious freedom and equality. For instance, the underlying message in this treaty is specific to freedom of religious worship. Religious liberty in the Ottoman Empire was pervading and no difference of religion was “alleged against any person as a ground for their exclusion” or incapacity of civil, political, and public rights." -
The Treaty of Versailles
This is an excerpt from the Treaty of Versailles (1919). The Treaty of Versailles (1919) had efforts to secure religious minority rights, at the conclusion of The First World War (1914-1918). All of the new polities, as well as several established states boundaries "were changed and signed minority-rights treaties or made unilateral pledges regarding minority rights." -
The Treaty of San Francisco
Image of the Prime Minister, Yoshida Shigeru of Japan, signing the Treaty of San Francisco (1951). It made use of the Charter of the United Nations (1945), with some of its religious clauses. This treaty, states that properties which belong to “religious bodies or private charitable institutions” must be used exclusively for religious purposes. Essentially, property rights of religious minorities, in Japan were protected and civilians had the right to remain in their desired institutions.
