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4500 BCE
ANTIQUITY: ANCIENT EGYPT (4500BCE-332BCE)
-A hierarchical society ruled by a pharaoh and also a polytheistic society
- Art and architecture reflects religious society
- Consistency is a key component of design
-Simplicity, order, balance and sense of eternity
-Post and lintel construction
-Tombs are very important for example the pyramid
-Monumental bldgs built of stone and dwellings of brick
-Furniture is rectangle with few curves
-Motifs include lotus, papyrus, palm, guilloche, spiral, palmette, wave patterns -
1000 BCE
ANTIQUITY: ANCIENT GREECE (1000BCE-146BCE)
-Trade is important and brings influence from Asia, Europe, near East.
-Search for the ideal and perfection in proportion of forms
-Motifs include acanthus leaf, rosette, dentil, egg and dart, etc
-Architecture takes a formal image that hilights human proportions
-Columns: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian
-They create and use moldings
-Dominant building type is the temple
-Residential plans have a central courtyard
-Stone becomes primary material for construction -
509 BCE
ANTIQUITY: ANCIENT ROME (509BCE-27BCE)
-First to use the arch and vault
-First to use concrete to build
-Art as a means to glorify the empire and unify the people
-Motifs: acanthus, guilloche, rosette, laurel wreath, etc
-Architecture focuses on volume and space
-Dwellings have villa or domus plans
-Lavish and varied interiors
-Large and grand proportioned furniture
-Ceilings are often vaulted -
210
MIDDLE AGES: EARLY CHRISTIAN(210-600)
-Church buildings and furniture are the most significant contribution
-Motifs:cross, fish, dove, lamb, images of Christ and Mary
-Construction follows late roman forms and decoration
-Churches use latin cross plan
-Interiors include rich wall decor
-Used colored glass for mosaics incorporating rich colors
-Unadorned exteriors -
330
MIDDLE AGES: BYZANTINE(330-1435)
-Important symbolism to form and ornament
-Motifs:Christ, Mary, apostles, saints, frets, weaves, animals
-Church is the most common building type
-Most churches become centralized and square with domes
-Architectural innovations: pendentive, light as mystical elements, church and basilica plans
-Interiors are opulent with surface decoration and mosaics
-Color palette:gold, red, green, blue
-Little furniture survives -
552
EAST ASIA: JAPAN(552)
-Shibui expressed through simplicity,humility and natural materials
-Relationship to nature is very important
-Houses open directly to gardens and nature incorporated inside
-Motifs:geometric,cherry blossom,iris, bamboo leaves, waves
-Asymmetry of buildings
-Building types:shrine.temple,palaces,besso
-Shoji screens used for windows and doors
-Modular exteriors and interiors
-Interiors have exposed structures and portray beauty and tranquility
-Built in furniture -
700
MIDDLE AGES: ISLAMIC(700-1700)
-Art and architecture influenced by religion and design traditions.
-Calligraphy is unique and greatly integrated
-Repetition and repeating themes
-Motifs:meanders, stars, fret, swastika,tendrils
-Common building types:mosque, madrasah, forts, mausoleum
-Pointed arches and domes
-Privacy is important so houses and palaces focus inward
-Interior decoration of homes reflect owner status -
701
MIDDLE AGES: ROMANESQUE(701-1150)
-Reliance to round arch and articulation of individual parts
-Motifs:round arch, figures,foliage, lozenge
-Crowds of pilgrims and indindings ways of accommodating them in the Church
-Order, unity and monumentality
-Symmetrical and ordered compositions with few openings
-Main building type:church and monastery
-Interiors emphasis on weight and mass
-Ribbed vaults, rounded arches, triforium, columns, clerestory windows -
1101
EAST ASIA: CHINA(1101-1701)
-Art and architecture emphasize unity, harmony and balance
-Influenced by Buddhism,Confucianism,Taoism,Christianity
-Feng shui governs design
-Motifs:lions,dragons,fret,lotus,calligraphy,bats
-Value sit more than actual building
-Building types:pagodas,shrine,temple,monastery,urban and rural imperial palaces
-Upward curving roofs
-Few furnishings of high quality
-Most furniture of local hardwood -
1150
MIDDLE AGES: GOTHIC(1150-1550)
-Increase of trade and commerce make for wealthier merchant class
-Motifs:pointed arch, trefoil, gargoyles, dwarfs
-Common building types:Cathedral, parish church
-Latin cross cathedral plan
-Elements like Romanesque but taller, thinner, and more organized
-Windows are usually pointed arches
-Cathedral interiors highlight verticality
-Extensive fan vaulting on ceiling
-Wool for furniture fabric -
1400
RENAISSANCE: ITALIAN RENAISSANCE(1400-1600)
-Based on classical antiquity
-Motifs:columns, pediments, moldings,rosette, scroll
-Adopt classical design with a mathematical approach
-Building types:churches,public structures, palazzos, villas
-Church plan is latin cross
-Orderly arrangement of interior and exterior
-Marble used on facades
-Massive furniture with classical elements and proportions -
1480
RENAISSANCE: SPANISH RENAISSANCE(1480-1650)
-Blend of classical and moorish design
-Surface decoration with visual complexity
-Motifs:geometric shapes,interlaced arabesque,pointed arch
-Building types:churches,universities,hospital,palaces,rancheros
-Hot weather calls for small windows and low flat roof
-Materials:granite,limestone,sandstone, ceramic tile,brick
-Interior ornamentation focused around openings
-Inlay, carving, paintings, gilding
-Furniture made of wrought iron -
1485
RENAISSANCE: ENGLISH RENAISSANCE(1485-1660)
-Italian concepts mixed with French and Flander
-Tudor,Elizabethan,Jacobean
-Motifs:tudor roses,roundels,linenfold
-Emphasis on order and proportions
-Building types: mansions, manor houses, townhouses
-Rooms organized by hierarchy and house significance
-Small private and public spaces increase
-Houses use trabeated masonry construction
-Interiors executed by foreign craftsmen -
1515
RENAISSANCE: FRENCH RENAISSANCE(1515-1643)
-Less emphasis on rules and more on surface richness
-King Francois I encourages arts and learning
-Mix of Gothic, Ancient Roman,Renaissance and Flemish
-Motifs:pilasters,column,arches,pinnacles,fleur de lis,crowns and initials
-Order, symmetry and regularity
-Chateaux=large country house of nobility that resemble castles
-Rooflines are asymmetrical and irregular, and steeply pitched
-Very large windows
-Rooms have few furnishings -
BAROQUE: BAROQUE(1600-1750)
-Used as a tool to glorify the Sun King
-Lack of proportion and relatedness
-Architecture is more expressive
-Design period based on grandeur and richness
-French Baroque exemplified by palaces
-Opulent and colossal furniture
-Intricate carvings and gilding
-Luxurious textiles for walls, windows and furniture -
RENAISSANCE: AMERICAN COLONIAL(1601-1801)
-Colonists from Europe arrive in the New World and bring styles with them
-Material culture is medieval and vernacular because they are middle class
-Symmetrical homes
-Timber homes with little ornamentation
-Chimneys very prominent and small windows with shutters
-Roofs were gabled with shingles
-Furniture mostly made of wood
-Spanish colonial used wooden beams
-Dutch colonial used brick and stone -
ROCOCO: AMERICAN GEORGIAN(1700-1780)
-Portrays the taste, culture and prosperity of colonists
-In America, the influences come from Nobility
-Motifs:classical motifs,ears,shells,rosette,acanthus leaf
-Structures are detailed and planned
-Large houses have double-pile plans
-Materials include brick,wood and stone
-Symmetrical forms and placement of windows
-Pediments at the front entrance of the home, cornice with dentils on the façade, corner quoins on the roof, and side gabled and hipped roofs -
ROCOCO: LE REGENCE AND ROCOCO(1700-1760)
-Not about the taste of the King but about the nobility
-Architecture of Baroque but more light and elegant
-Focused mainly on interiors
-Soft colors and playful and delicate features
-Wooden paneling with intricate detail using motifs (acanthus leaves, C and S scrolls and shell)
-Furniture became more elegant with curvilinear lines for comfort
-Room decoration is hierarchical
-Strong and rich textile colors -
ROCOCO: ENGLISH NEO-PALLADIAN AND GEORGIAN(1702-1770)
-Education and culture increases
-Remarkably like the palladian style
-Building types:town and country homes
-Proportion and symmetry important in architecture
-Plastered detail and ornamentation on the walls of interiors as well as exteriors was common
-Classical elements put to use
-Interiors more lavish than exteriors
-Chippendale chairs flourish
-Palladian windows and plain walls for exterior facade -
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION(1750-1900)
-Mass production was normalized and decorative objects became available to the population
-Interior design became more common
-Modernization of elements of design like lighting, heating, and plumbing
-New building materials: cast iron, steel, and glass
-Natural lighting was becoming more popular
-New building types:railway stations, shopping arcades, office buildings, factories
-Cooper Rocker chair
-Kitchens and bathrooms gain importance -
EARLY NEOCLASSICAL: LATE ENGLISH GEORGIAN(1760-1810)
-Symmetry, formality, classical elements, unity
-Mostly town and country houses
-Focus on the relationship between the home and the landscape
-Floor plans followed disposition of rooms
-White,yellow,grey,brown and cream bricks become very used
-Classical elements like pediments on top of windows and use of columns and pilasters around doors
-Doors are usually dark brown or green
-Rooms are usually simple in shape with curved ends -
EARLY NEOCLASSICAL: LOUIS XVI AND FRENCH PROVINCIAL(1774-1789)
-Architects strive for geometric volume,simplicity and structural honesty
-Plain facades and little ornamentation
-New building types:markets,hospitals,theatres,auditoriums
-Materials:brick, stone, marble
-Central placement of doorways
-Parquet flooring is an element of design
-Symmetry in wall panelling
-Doorways surrounded by elaborate ornamentation
-Armoire is a popular piece of furniture -
EARLY NEOCLASSICAL: AMERICAN FEDERAL(1776-1820)
-Slender proportions, classical decoration, geometric forms,contrasting colors
-Building scale is domestic
-Wood frame and brick construction
-Buildings keep Georgian form but more slender and taller
-Symmetrical facades with projecting porches
-Roofs are low and have balustrades
-Motifs:eagle,swag,egg and dart,images of leaders like George Washington
-Interiors are simple with few colors
-Dining rooms increase in popularity