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Secondary School Movement
The Secondary School movement offered education beyond elementary school. At first these schools were opened to boys only and mainly focused on mathematics. -
Horace Mann
Horace Mann traveled from public school, to public school taking detailed notes of the physical and instructional atmosphere of each building, to no surprise, his feedback was extremely negative. Mann's goal was to increase teacher pay and receive better equipment for students though tax payers dollars. -
Progressive Reform Movement
There was a call to "curricular and administrative reform" and a need to create boundaries for sanitation in schools especially in the inner-cities. Rather than dealing with multiple "discrete" subjects, the curriculum in this reform attempted to integrate subjects in a more meaningful way for learners. -
John Dewey
John Dewey provided the intellectual foundation for progressive education. Dewey was deeply in favor of the child-centered curriculum in which learning came through experience not memorization. -
**Population Growth and Immigration in the 19th Century
The population growth that occurred during the 19th century created over crowded classrooms where the student to teacher ratio created an atmosphere of chaos. Students were migrating into American public schools with an immense language barrier. We still seek help for such language barriers today, teachers are struggling to help these kids outside of resource.
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Impact of WW2
By the end of WW2 1/3 teachers had left the profession to join aspects of the war, secondary schools had a 6.7 million enrollment decrease. Already low funds were decreased further to help support the war. -
**Brown vs. Board of Education
Brown vs. Board is the start of the civil rights revolution. The movement to stop segregation in public schools created a chain reaction of progressive civil rights movements for other minorities as well. Today we se the impact of the Brown vs. Board ruling through desegregated schools, teachers pay raises, and equality among students.
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Sputnik and NDEA
Funding for science, mathematics, modern and foreign languages were provided for schools. This would be the first time the federal government attempted to influence the curriculum in general elementary and secondary education. -
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**The Civil Rights Movement and the War on Poverty
Lyndon B. Johnson declared a "war on poverty" explaining that education is viewed as a major factor in the elimination of poverty. Subsidized low-income housing and expanded welfare services were provided to families in this effort. The increased funding has helped many families in schools today be able to eat breakfast and lunch at school for free, increasing students focus tremendously. Link text (could not add picture) -
Measurement Movement
This movement was the first intelligence scale created to allow comparison of individual intelligence to a norm. IQ was established to help indicate and individuals mental development. -
Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act
Guaranteed access to free, appropriate, public education for students with disabilities. A "least restrictive" environment was promised to every child with a disability. -
** A Nation at Risk Report
This "call to action" helped reform our schools to what they are known as today. Higher graduation requirements, standardized curriculum mandates, increased testing are all examples of the actions following the introduction to this reform. This is no surprises to us today because these are the standards set for our kids to "pass". Link text -
School Choice Movement
This became an opportunity for low income house holds to extend education for their families. Having the option to choose where students go allowed freedom of choice and opportunities unprovided thus far. -
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Growth of Standardized Testing
The growth of standardized testing helped increase funding for schools. This testing helps establish quality districts and helps teachers base their curriculum goals. -
** No Child Left Behind Act
This act required states to provide assessment in basic skills and to receive funding, schools had to provide these tests. This act has pros and cons, cons seem to include strict testing standards that interfere with other curriculum aspects and is biased against students with disabilities and ELL. Link text
