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Mussolini takes over Italy's government
Itlay's government was falling into chaos. When Mussolini claimed to be the answer to their problems the people appointed him ruler. After he was in power, he began to dismantle Italy's government until he had virtually appointed himself dicatator.
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Beer Hall Putsch
The Beer Hall Putsch was a failed takeover of Bavaria. In the aftermath of this coup d'etat Hitler was convicted of treason. He was put in prison for five years as his punishment. While in prison he wrote "Mein Kampf", his autobiography.
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Kellogg-Briand Pact
An agreement signed in August 1928, more properly known as the Pact of paris. The pact stated that all signing countries agree to pacifistic ways of solving conflicts rather than fighting wars. It was signed by Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Great Britain, India, the Irish Free State, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, South Africa, and the US.
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US Stock Market Crash
Also known as 'Black Tuesday', was the day that Wall Street investors traded 16 million shares on thr NY Stock in a single day. Billions of dollars were lost, and America and the rest of the industrialized world fell into the Great Depression.
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Japan Invades Manchuria
Manchuria was attacked by Japan because the Japanesee government wished for the land and reasources. The League ignored Japan's attack.
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Hitler becomes Germnay's Chancellor
Hitler knew what each class wanted, and he promised each class what they wante. The middle class he offered restoration of law, for the upper class he offered the creation of a strong government, and for the working class jobs and the protection of workers.
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Japan Withdraws from the League of Nations
Japan withdrew from the League because they broke the pacts the League had created. Japan's attack on Manchuria was the main cause of Japan exiting the League of Nations..
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First Anti-Semitic Law is passed in Germany
After the Nazi's took over the government, they began to make good on their pledge to persecute German Jews. In the six years of Hitler's reighn, over 400 decrees and regukations were mae against the Jewish German community. The first major law excluded Jews from civil service.
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The night of the long knives (Rohm Purge)
On this night, Nzai's killed many people, The people killed were mainly of the SA, which was a group that had opposed Hitler's stragegy of ruling, as well as others who defied him. After this date, the SS was to become more powerful than Nazi Germany.
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Hitler openly announces to his cabinet he will defy the Treaty of Versailles
Hitler built a secret army that was much larger than the maximum set by the League. He also militarised the Rhineland which was a demilitarised zone. The main point was his invasion of Austria. This invasion directly disobeyed the Treaty of Versailles.
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Creation of the Nuremburg Laws
Passed by the Reich Congress in Nuremburg. These laws took German citizenship from Jews and outlawed both marriage and sex between Jews and non-Jews. These two laws started the long process of segregating Germany from it's Jewish population.
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Italy invades Ethiopia
The leader of Italy, Benito Mussolini, shared Hitler's wish to expand. To achieve this, he invaded Ethiopia (now know as Abyssnia) a country on the horn of Africa. His aim was to boost his nation's prestige and provide jobs and reasources for his country during the Great Depression,
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Hitler Militarizes the Rhineland
By militarizing the Rhineland Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles. He exceded the maxium number of men he was allowed in his ground troops by leaps and bounds. Also, he began manufacturing submarines and ships to add to his marine fleet.
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Rape of Nanking
As the Japanese military pressed forward they subjected the citizens of Nanking to uncontrolled butchery and attack. Thousands of soldiers in the Chinese Army brutally beaten and killed. These gruesome acts carried on for six weeks and costed 40,000 people their lives.
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Germany Annexes Austria
Hitler pressured Schuschnigg, Austria's chancellor, to resign. Thenext day Hitler accompanied his troops to Austria where they were met by enthusiastic crowds. Hitler appointed a new Nazi government the next day, and Austria was under his power,
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Munich Conference
The Munich conference was called because Hitler demanded the Sudetenland, and was willing to fight for it. The Muich Aggreement was settled and Czech. was ordered to appease Germany.
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Hitler demands the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia
Also known as the Czech. Crisis, this event was extremely important to the war. Hitler had already militarized the Rhinieland, and was willing to fight for the Sudentenland if it was not given to him. The Czech. governement didn't want to give up their land so the League called a conference.
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Kristallnacht
Translates to"Night of Crystal" and referred to as the "Night of Broken Glass". On that night, hundreds of Nazi supporters filled the streets and destroyed Jewish homes, buisnesses, and synagogues. The officials ignored this chaos, and refused to help the Jewish citizens.
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Einstein's letter to FDR, "The Manhattan Project"
The "Manhattan Project" was the code name for Einstein's efforts to develop the atomic bomb. He wrote President Roosevelt, and though the president did not feel it was an extremely important thing at the time, he agreed to proceed with it slowly.
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Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was signed by both Germany and the Soviet Union. It was a non-aggression pact meaning, neither side will attack the other, and all problems will be solved in a civil manner rather than resorting to violence.
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Nazi Invasion of Poland
The Germans sent more than 2,000 tanks and over 1,000 planes from East Prussia. The Poles were defeated in a matter of a few weeks. This attack broke the Non-Agression Pact they had signed in January 1934. They advanced on Warsaw, which was over taken after shelling and bombing on September 27th.
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Evacuation of Dunkirk
The English sent out a request for anyone with a boat, such as fishing boats, ferries, or even yachts. Every boat you could think of poured out of the Thames River and made their way across to save the battered troops. Approximately 340,000 soliers were saved, but 40,000 were captured or killed.
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Battle of Britain
German and British airforces clashed in the biggest bombing campaign to that date. It was a significant turning point in the war because Germany's Luftwaffe didn't gain superiority over the Royal Air Force. Britain's victory saved the country from ground invasionand the possiblity of German occupation.
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France Surrenders
Hitler unsed his blitskrieg invasion on Low Countries and France on May 10, 1940. Within three weeks most of the British force, as well as some of the French, abondoned Dunkirk and pushed into the English Channel. The German's advanced southward causing the French to abandon Paris. Germany took over the city.
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The Triparitite Pact
The Triparitite Pact was signed by Germany, Italy, and Japan in Berlin. The Pact made them allies against America and it's "neutral" position in the war.
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Lend Lease Act
The Lend-Lease Act authorized that the president to give arms or other defense materials to any country that Congress deemed in need of the U.S.'s asssistance. It allowed the U.S. to support it's interests without having to put their people in danger.
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Creation of the United Nations
During the war, the Arcadua Conference was created. It was a group of 26 countries lead by the U.S,, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union. They were the creators of the United Nations (UN). It is labelled as one of their highest achievements.
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Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa was Hitler's plan to take over the Soviet Union. He sent over three million German troops, with three thousand tanks, to the Soviet territory. This German failure was the vital turning point of the war,
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Bombing of Pearl Harbor
Japan sent hundreds of fighter pilots to attack Pearl Harbor naval base near Honolulu. Within two hours the pilots destroyed 20 American ships. More than 2000 soldiers were killed and 1000 wounded. This attaxk officially into WWII.
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The Wannsee Conference and the "Final Solution"
THe Nazi Party and German government officials gathered in Wannsee to descuss the "FInal Solution of the Jewish Question". The "Final Solution" was the code name for the genocide against the Jewish population in Germany.
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Bataan Death March
The U.S. surrendered to the Japanese on the Bataan Peninsula during WWII. Around 75,000 Filipino and American troops were forced to make the 65-mile march to prison camps. Thousands died because of the heat and/or the treatment they recieved from the Japanese soldiers.
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Doolittle Raid
The Doolittle Raid was the "tag back" of the U.S.to Japan, We sent hundereds of fighter pilots and raided Japan, This attack showed how exposed Japan was to attack.
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Battle of Midway
The Battle of the Midway destroyed Japan's naval strength. Four of their aircraft carriers were destoryed by the Americans. Gen. Yamamoto refused to believe he was in trouble until it was too late.
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Battle of Stalingrad
Stalingrad was one of the bloodiest battles of the war. It turned the war in favor of the Allies. The U.S.S.R. defended heir city of talingrad from the German attack.
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Operation Torch
The allied Invasion of North Africa, also known as Operation Torch, was the first time British and American forces worked together on an invasion plan. Their goal was o disarm French fforces that were stationed in Vichy, France. The Allies succeded in this task, and sent the German troops packing.
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Island Hopping (Buna-Gona Campaign)
The U.S.'s counterattack strategy was to hop from island to island taking over the Japanese forces on each island. They started with the less gaurded islands and advanced towards the more heavily gaurded. This stratagy was successful, but caused bloody battles that lead to Japanese surrender.
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Operation Overlord and D-Day
Operation Overlord was the code-name given to the Allied invasion of France. They had to be extremely careful about the security of this plan. The element of surprise was crucial for a successful mission. The Allies used 6,000 ships, 3 million men, and nearly 13,000 vehicles to strom the beaches.
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Discovery of Majdanek
Majdanek was a camp that was under construction, The construction of the camp began at the arrival of 2,000 Soviet POW that were much too weak to work. Almost all of them died within four months of being in the camp. This forced the Germans to bring in other workers. Many of the new Jewish workers died.
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Operation Valkyrie
This operation was an attempted assassination of Hitler. Operation Valkyrie was also the name of Hitler's beack up plan if he ever lost communication with the rest of his government. The conspiitors placed a bomb in a suitcase and then brought it into a conference room where Hitler, as well as other important governemnt officials were located. The plan injured Hitler, but ultimately failed.
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Battle of the Bulge
The goal of this battle was to separate the Allies forces in the northwest. Hitler's troops attacked by sending a surprise blitzkrieg thrust. The Allies fought back, but the Germans kept pushing. This caused the Allied lines to form a bulge-like shape which is how the battle got its name.
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Hitler's Suicide
Hitler was warned by many people that the Russians were getting close, and was urged to eascape to a smaller town. Instead he, along with his wife, committed suicide by swallowing cyanide capsules. For good measure, Hitler also shot himself with his service pistol.
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V-E Day
V-E day, also known as "Victory in Eurpope Day", is celebrated as the day that Europe put down its weapons. Germany surrendered after a battle that cost 8000 Aliied soldiers their lives (the Germans many more). The Germans tried tp avoid capture by the Societs, but they failed which ended in rheir surrender.
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Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
An American bomber dropped the world's first atomic bomb over the Japnaese city, Hiroshima. The explosion killed 90% of the city. 80,000 people were killed by the explosion and thousands were killed by the radiation. Three days later an other bomb was dropped on Nagaski killing 40,000.
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V-J Day
V-J Day is short for "Victory over Japan Day". On August 14th, 1945, Japan surrendered unconditionally to the Allies. The formal surrender took place on the USS Missouri pn September 2nd, 1945.
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The Nuremberg Trials
A series of 13 trials were carried out in Nuremberg, Germany between 1945 and 1946. The defendants, who were mainly Nazi Party officials or followers, were indicted with charges sich as crimes against peace or crimes against humanity. This is a milestone towards the creation of an international court.
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The Japanese War Crime Trials
28 members of the Japanese military were accused of committing was crimes and crimes against humanity during WWII. Nov. 4, 1948 the trials ended resulting in 25 of the 28 defendants being found guilty. Of the othher three, two died and one was declared mentall insane.
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The beginning of the Cold War
At the end of WWII the U.S. and Soviet Union were Allies but within a few years they became enemies. When President Roosevelt died suddenly his VP didn't fully understand the situation between the U.S. and the Soviet so he accused Stalin of being untrustworthy which heightened conflict between them
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