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Period: to
Unfinished Business
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Start of Civil War
South attacked Fort Sumter. -
Freedmen's Bureau
An act of Congress that helped educate and take care of newly freed slaves. -
End of Civil War
Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant. -
Beginning of Reconstruction
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Thirteenth Amendment
Passed by Congress January 31, 1865; National ban on slavery. -
Anit-Black Attacks
Ku Klux Klan attacked blacks and their white companions. Due to these attacks, enrollment rates decrease to about 5% due to fear of death. -
Fourteenth Amendment
Passed by Congress on June 13, 1866; granted citizenship to free slaves. -
Fifteenth Amendment
Passed by Congress on February 26, 1869; Guaranteed black males the right to vote. -
End of Reconstruction
President Johnson declared reconstruction period to be over. -
Black Enrollment Takes Off
Due to the end of the Civil War and Reconstruction,about 30% of blacks begin to attend schools more. -
T. Thomas Fortune
He was a black activist who wrote an article for the Christian Recorder; agreed with Booker T. Washington. -
Voting Injustices
People of the south used legal methods, such as rigging the literacy tests and adding poll taxes, to stop the blacks from voting. -
Booker T. Washington Speech
He encouraged the blacks to work hard to gain respect from the white people. -
W.E.B. DuBois Speech
He spoke about focusing more on politics than education. -
W.E.B. DuBois Second Speech
He proposed the Niagara Movement. His speech inspired more black enrollments to about 50% by 1930s. Because more blacks went to school, the illiteracy rates began to decrease.