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Sandhurst Manifiesto
Through the political manoeuvring of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, the leader of the future Conservative Party, which helped achieve Queen Isabella II's abdication in favour of her son Alfonso XII, the support of the bourgeoisie and the army, anxious for political stability. On 1 December 1874, Cánovas wrote a manifesto, signed in Sandhurst, where he promised a constitutional government. -
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Reign of Alfonso XII
In 1875 the monarchy was restored thanks to Alfonso XII of Bourbon, son of Isabella II. His reign lasted 10 years, until the day of his death, on November 25, 1885. -
PSOE is founded
The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) was founded by Pablo Iglesias in 1879 and was consolidated by the huge surge in the labour movement during this period. -
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Regency of Maria Christina
After the death of Alfonso XII in 1885, the Restoration was maintained by the regency o Maria Christina (1885-1902) while her son, Alfonso XIII, was still a child. -
Bases de Manresa
Catalan nationalism demanded official status for the Catalan language, the establishment of Catalan political parties and courts, and Catalan autonomy. In 1892, its proposals were declared in the Bases de Manresa, written by Prat de la Riba. -
Teatry of Paris (1898)
War erupted in the Pacific (the Philippines) and the Atlantic (Cuba and Puerto Rico). In both conclicts, Spanish fleets were destroyed by the US. Spain was forced to sign the 1898 Teatry of Paris, where they recognised the independence of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. -
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Reign of Alfonso XIII
Alfonso XIII acceded to the throne in 1902 in political environment characterised by the crisis of Cánovas del Castillo's political system, the influence of regenerationism and the deaths of Cánovas (1897) and Sagasta (1903). When studying his reign, historians usually look at two stages, divided by the crisis of 1917. -
Tragic Week of 1909
Spanish occupation of its protectorate led to a war with the inhabitants of the Rif; a war that in 1909 required reservists to be called up, the majority of whom were fathers. The set off violent protests in Barcelona, which became known as the Tragic Week of 1909. -
Disaster of Annual
Abroad, Spain suffered a brutal defeat in the Rif War against Morocco in what was known as the Disaster at Annual, resulting in 10000 deaths and widespread public commotion, negatively influencing public opinion. -
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Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
It went through two stages:
-The Military Directory (1923-1925). Primo de Rivera suspended the constitution, dissolved the Cortes, prohibited political parties, suppressed the labour movement and defeated the Moroccans after the Alhucemas landing (1925).
-The Civil Directory (1925-1930). The military victory in Morocco and the economic boom of the 1920s helped Primo de Rivera maintain power until 1930.
In January of 1930, due to the 1929 economic crisis, Primo de Rivera was forced to resign. -
Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic
Alfonso XIII tried to go back to the parliamentary system, first with the government of General Dámaso Berenguer and later with Admiral Aznar. However, the citizens' disapproval of the king's support for the dictatorship led to significant Republican victories in the 1931 municipal elections for several major cities. The king went into exile on 14 April 1931 and the Second Republic was declared. -
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Second Spanish Republic
After the Second Republic was proclaimed, a provisional government was formed, made up of Republicans, socialists and nationalists who held elections for the Constituent Cortes in June 1931.
The left-wing parties won a majority and drafted a new constitution. -
October Revolution
The elections in 1933 led to a victory of the political right and centre. The government was formed by the centrist Radical Republican Party. The new government halted the majority of the previous reforms, which led to an increase in strikes and more actions by left-wing parties. CEDA then demanded positions in the government. This sparked the October Revolution of 1934, which was most intense in Asturias and Barcelona. -
Tragic Spring
Political violence reached its peak in what was known as the Tragic Spring of 1936, consisting of a wave of attacks and street violence between staunch falangist, communist and anarchist activists. -
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Spanish Civil War
The coup d'état began in Melilla, Tetuan and Ceuta on 17 July 1936. The next day it spread throughout Spain, having success in rural areas, yet failing in the more industrialised urban areas. The country was divided into two zones, the Republicans zone and the 'Nationalist' zone, and the military coup turned into a long Civil War. -
Bombing of Gernika
The bombing of Guernica was caused by the Condor Legion of the German air force on April 26, 1937. -
End of the Civil War
After three years of conflict, the civil war between the republican side and the revolted side (formed by the Spanish Falange and other conservative groups), ended on April 1, 1939 with the victory of the national side with General Francisco Franco.
