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Period: to
Haitian Revolution
Who - Haitian slaves against the French, leader- toussaint Louverture
What - Slave majority in Haiti expressed their fury on the discriminatory European colonists
When - 1791-1804
Where - Haiti
Why - the frustration of the affranchis with the racist society
Outcome - independence of haiti from French tyranny
Significance - First country to be founded by former slaves -
Period: to
Burschenschaften
Who - Student organization at the German Universities
What - movement that spread all over Germany
When - 1815-1819
Where - Germanic states and Austria
Why - to express new nationalism prevalent in post-Napoleonic Europe
Outcome - the Carlsbad Decrees due to the spread of violence during student demonstrations
Significance - to emphasize the egalitarian and liberal reforms as well as the political unification of Germany -
Period: to
Greek Revolution
Who - the Peloponnese were in open revolt against the Turks
What - Greeks within the Ottoman Empire rebel
When - 21 February 1821 – 12 September 1829
Where - Greece
Why - they wanted to break away to differentiate their hellenistic identity from the Ottomans
Outcome - the establishment of an independent kingdom of Greece
Significance - severely crippled the Turks which will cause a gradual collapse of the empire -
Period: to
Brazilian Revolution
Who - Native Brazilians and slaves against the Portuguese Army
What - Dom Pedro I abolished all Portuguese laws in order to solidify Brazil as an independent state
When - 9 January 1822 – 13 May 1825
Where - Brazil & Uruguay
Why - Among Brazilians, the threat of losing their control over local affairs ignited widespread opposition
Outcome - Brazilian Independence in territory, treaty of Rio de Janeiro
Significance - End of Portuguese Influence in South America, America shows -
Decembrist Revolution
Who - Russian upper class who had military backgrounds
What - A secret revolutionary movement that evolved in the Russian Empire
When - December 14, 1825
Where - Russia
Why - In protest against Nicholas I’s assumption of the throne
Outcome - they lost but their martyrdom led to continuous fight for their beliefs
Significance - provided a source of inspiration to succeeding generations of Russian dissidents -
Period: to
Italian Nationalist Revolt And Italian Revolutions of 1848
Who: Garibaldi, Mazzini, Young Italy
What: The movement to unify southern Italy by Garibaldi led to an overall unified Italy
When: 1830-1848
Where: Italy
Why: Many nationalists, including Mazzini, had a dream of a unified Italy, greater than that of Roman times
Outcome: A unified Italy
Significance: The unified Italy would remain a world power until current day. -
Period: to
July Revolution
Who - the bourgeoisie against Charles X being the monarch
What - secured a political and social power that was to characterize the July Monarchy
When - July 27-29, 1830
Where - France
Why - Charles X’s publication of restrictive ordinances contrary to the spirit of the Charter of 1814
Outcome - brought Louis Philippe to the throne, abdication of Charles X
Significance - marked the shift of one constitutional monarchy to another monarchy -
Period: to
Belgian Nationalist Revolt
Who: Flemings, Walloons, Liberals of the South
What: Riots/Revolution
When: 25 August 1830 – 21 July 1831
Where: Southern Provinces of United Kingdom of Netherlands/Belgium
Why: High levels of unrest and unemployment as well as cultural and language differences, underrepresentation
Outcome: Belgian Independence
Significance: Belgium emerged as an independent nation, remaining so until the present day -
Period: to
Polish Nationalist Revolt
Who: Congress Poland and Russian Empire
What: Armed rebellion in Poland vs. Russia
When: 29 November 1830 - 21 October 1831
Where: Poland, Lithuania, and Right- bank Ukraine
Why: Oppression of Polish rights by Russia
Outcome: Russian Victory
Significance: Poland was crushed for years to come -
British Reform Act of 1832
Who: Lord Grey, Prime Minister
What: The Act corrected multiple problems that were long overdue to be fixed
When: 7 June 1832
Where: England and Wales
Why: The electoral system at the time was unfair to many and was criticized as such
Outcome: A reduction of the amount of nomination boroughs in English government. Any man paying more than 10 pounds taxes per year could vote in matters.
Significance: Greatly improved the function and effectiveness of government. Increase in voter education