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The Phenakistoscope
1829: phenakistoscope developed by Joseph Plateau. Using mirrors and multiple drawings a wheel was spun to give the illusion of animation. -
The Zoetrope
1834: William George Horner invented the Zoetrope, which was like the phenakistoscope, but instead of discs a large drum was used instead. -
The Zoopraxinoscope
1872: Zoopraxinoscope, had the ability to project images. -
The Praxinoscope
1877: Emile Reynaud developed the praxinoscope, which eliminated the slots of the previous two inventions and instead relied on the mirror in the center of the drum. -
Flexible Film
1888: George Eastman developed flexible film with photographic emulsion. Perfect companion for Thomas Edison’s mutoscope. -
The Kinetoscope
1892: Kinetescope which was a series of film that passed over rollers and in front of a lens. One person at a time. -
Projected Film
1895: The Lumiere Brothers projected film onto a screen for a large audience of people for the fist time. Prior to this, films could only be viewed by one person at a time. "The Arrival of a Train" was the first film to be screened in this manner. -
Cutting
1895: George Melies learned that you can cut in film. This discovery would have never been made if it werent' for a jam in his camera, which stopped filming and then started again, making it seem like he disappeared. -
The Cinematographe
1895: Cinematographe, recording device as well as projecting device. Used 35mm film and shot at 16fps. -
Close Ups
1900: Directors of film became more interested in creating human emotion. One realized you could move the camera closer, creating the first close ups. -
Nickelodeons
1905: Nickelodeons, small theathers in which you would pay a nickel to see a film, began popping up all over the world, making film more accessible to people. -
Mercury Lamps
1905: mercury lamps make it possible to shoot indoors -
Animated Films
1906: first animated film. -
The Reverse Angle
1908: Filmmakers figured out pretty quickly that you did not have to abide by the same rules of theater, the actor could actually have their back towards the camera in a reverese angle shot. This really started separating film and theater as different arts. -
The First Studio
1911: The very first movie studio was built, which would encourage many other film giants to buld their own as well, expanding the industry greatly. -
Universal Studios
1912: Universal pictures become the first major motion pictures studio -
The Bell and Howell 2709
1915: The Bell and Howell 2709 make close ups possible without actually having to move the camera -
Dolly's
1920: Dolly's allowed smooth movement of cameras, creating an almost first person perspective in film. -
Double Exposure
1924: Buster Keaton pioneered the concept of double exposure, filming over film that had already been used. -
Audio in Film
1927: the first spoken words occur in the film “The Jazz Singer” -
Decline of Visuals
1930: Because sound in film had just been introduced, the world was so focused on what it could hear, there was a dramatic decline in visual advancements during the time. -
Colored Film
1935: colored film invented
