Population & Settlement

  • Sep 1, 1500

    Ice bridge- Indian arrival

    Ice bridge- Indian arrival
    -Organization and Settlement of the territory.
    -"Free" occupation of territory.. no private land ownership.
    -The space was occupied by different groups (nomadic Algonquin Hunters vs sedentary Iroquois farmers).
    -The oldest traces of North Amerindian occupation some 30 000
    years BC.

    - The impact of natural and migratory movements on the formation of the population.
  • Period: Sep 1, 1500 to

    Population

  • Sep 1, 1534

    Jacques Cartier- First voyage

    Jacques Cartier- First voyage
    -Explored and mapped the Gulf of St-Lawrence, said what he thought was gold but found lots of fish, timber, and furs. (not gold).
  • Sep 1, 1535

    Jacques Cartier- Second voyage

    Jacques Cartier- Second voyage
    -Jacques sailed up to the St-Lawrence river, where he reached Stadacona (Quebec).
    -Some friendly natives showed the Europeans how to survive the cold winters and how to prevent getting scurvy.
    -Returns with native captives (including Chief Donacona).
  • Sep 1, 1541

    Jacques Cartier- Third voyage

    Jacques Cartier- Third voyage
    -Tried to set up a colony, which did not work.
    -The missionaries attempted to convert all natives.
    -France lost interest for 60yrs.

    -However 60yrs later, the King of France wanted to set up a New World colony again.
  • Attempted Settlement- Port Royal

    Attempted Settlement- Port Royal
    • Samuel de Champlain was involved
    • Located in Nova Scotia, but failed because of its location and position.
  • New France- First permanent settlement

    New France- First permanent settlement
    -Samuel Champlain returned to establish trading post near Quebec.
    - Then became New France.
  • Seigneurial Regime

    Seigneurial Regime
    -The land was divided in order to cultivate the colony, called the seigneurial system.
    -The king was in charge of giving away parts of the land to the rich french men, who were called Seigneurs of Lords.
    -These men would have to work and develop the land, and would have to receive rent from the low class peasants (Censitaires), who lived on their land.
    - Life as a farmer living in New France was a much better life for some people.
    - The more people came, the more forest dissapeared.
  • Increase of the urban population

    Increase of the urban population
    The impact of urbanization on the occupation of territory:
    -Rural exodus is when there are no more jobs in the country, therefore a group of people leave to live in the city, to work in factories. (Work development).
    -Development of working class neighbourhoods. (People live walking distance to their work).
    Reversal of urban and rural populations..
    Urban sprawl: the spreading of urban developments (malls, land, houses).
  • Louis the 14th- New king

    Louis the 14th- New king
    -Became the new king, and didn't like the arrangement and system in France.
    -He hires Jean Talon, and intendant to be the boss of New France.
    -Jean Talon's job is to build the population, and to invite everyone to come live on the land.
    - People had 2 options.
    1. To get on a boat, and go live in New France.
    2. Be sent to jail.
  • Jean Talon- Population of New France

    Jean Talon- Population of New France
    -He wanted anybody to immigrate to New france, except for the french protestants.
    -Soldiers were offered free land, if they agreed to live in New France after they served their service.
    -Minor criminals were as well offered to live in New France.
    -Filles du Roi "Orphan girls" immigrated to New France, where they were quickly married off.
    -Couples who got married young were payed, where as fathers of unmarried girls and bachelors over 21 years old paid fines.
    -Population did increase rapidly.
  • British Regime- Waves of immigration

    British Regime- Waves of immigration
    -When the British took control, only the wealthy French left New France. The population was 99% French and 1% English.
    -In 1763, the welathy british business men were the first to immigrate.
    -From 1791, granting of land to shipping and railroad companies, as well immigartion of agents coming to the aid of immigrants were measures to encourage immigration.
    -1812, laws that discouraged immigartion in Upper Canada.
    -1840, propaganda to encourage immigration.
  • Populaton of New France 1730

    Populaton of New France 1730
    -In 1760, 70,000 people lived in New France.
  • Immigration of loyalists and Americans

    Immigration of loyalists and Americans
    -Impact on the population and settlement of the territory, during the Loyalists and Americans arrival.
    -Loyalists who came to Quebec, settled in West of Montreal. Those who came to Canada, settled in the Maritimes.
    -The English population of Quebec had a sudden increase of 1-10%. They followed the township system and gave all their settlements english names.
  • The Imperial Act

    The Imperial Act
    -Assured immigrants that their slaves would remain their property in British regions of Canada.
  • Colonization of new regions

    Colonization of new regions
    The goal of oppening up new regions and territories was...
    -To promote emigration towards the United States.
    -To expand and have occupation of territory: opening up of outlying regions (Côte-Nord, Abitibi, Gaspésie, The Laurentians).
    -Creation of these new communities.
  • Waves of Irish immigration

    Waves of Irish immigration
    -After 1815, waves of Irish immigration due to the Irish Potato Famine, Scottish and English also but mostly in cities.
    -Conditions during the passage were difficult and disease spread
    -Cholera epidemic (quarantine station at Grosse-Ile).
  • Slow down of birth rate in Quebec

    Slow down of birth rate in Quebec
    -It was due to the exodus of french candian to Canada West and to the United States.
    -They left because of agricultural crisis. Harvests were damaged by disease or bad weather.
    - Also not a lot of land available for cultivation, because of the increase of population.
  • Emmigration to the United States and West

    Emmigration to the United States and West
    Due to the emmigration there was overpopulation of the seigneuries which lead to:
    -Emigration to the forest regions of Quebec: Outaouais, Témiscamingue and Western Canada.
    -Emigration to the United States from about 1840 was high since there were more opportunities in the USA. (Better payed jobs)
  • Contemporary period

    Contemporary period
    Different Policies to promote immigration:
    -Sharing federal-provincial powers with regard to immigration matters under the BNA.
    -In 1878, The National Policy did Immigrant recruitment, where they handed over land to rail comanies to settle in the west.
    -Waves of immigration following international events (economic crises, wars….)
    -Discriminatory immigration policies until the end of the Second World War.
  • Relationships with Amerindians

    Relationships with Amerindians
    -Federal government addopted the Indian Act, which means the reserves remained property of the government.
    -Amerindian territories in northern Quebec were initially free from European occupation under the regimes. This situation changed after World War 2.
    -The Natives were upset that the provincial government took initiative to launch important projects (ex: exploit mines and water) without consulting them.
    -Therefore, the governement of Quebec negotiated agreements with Native people.
  • The impact of emigration to U.S on the population

    The impact of emigration to U.S on the population
    -Lack of employment in the agricultural sector, which leads to people moving to the city, hating the city and therefore moving towards west or the USA.
    -Industrialization
    -Brain drain: when the most educated and skilled workers leave to seek better opportunities. (Countries like Canada are taking away the smartest people from the poor countries. Ex: scientists, doctors, engineers)
  • Oka Crisis

    Oka Crisis
    -Relations with the Native people lead to this crisis.
    -In the summer of 1990 Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka just outside Montreal.
    -A golf course wanted to expand its 9 holes onto native land.
    -The natives militarily organized themselves and the Canadian Forces were called in to handle the situation.
    -The Oka crisis lasted 78 days, when it finally came to an end with out armed conflict, however the issues remained.