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Sep 8, 1500
Bering Strait Land Bridge
The Natives first came to North America from Asia crossing the Bering Strait land Bridge. It was the first major migration flow. -
Sep 8, 1500
First Occupants
The three major groups are the Iroquois, Algonquins, and Inuits.
1) Iroquoian groups lived near water (St. Lawrence River) where the land was fertile and good for farming.
2) Algonquian groups lived Canadian shield in the mountains where it was not so good for farming.
3) Inuits lived in Northern Quebec. -
Period: Sep 8, 1500 to
Population
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Sep 22, 1534
Jacques Cartier
He had 3 voyages. His goals were to find a route to Asia, collect precious materials/minerals and claim new land for the King of France. His first voyage was in 1534, he travelled to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. His Second voyage from 1535 to 1536, was along the St. Lawrence River. He encounters First Nation people at Stadacona & Hochelaga. On his third voyage in 1541, he tries to settle the land, but it doesn’t work because they couldn’t adapt to the hard winters. -
Port Royal, N.S.
In 1605 Port Royal, N.S. established. Samuel de Champlain was a part of this but it failed because of its position hence Quebec City. -
French Regime
The French started to settle into New France. (1608-1760) -
Samuel de Champlain
Samuel de Champlain is the founder of Quebec (1608). During one of his four voyages, he makes contact with the Algonquins and become allies for trading purposes. The Iroquois therefore, think French are enemies. -
Seigneurial System
Seigneurial system:
Seigneur/lord (owner): Land is granted to him by the King.
Seigneurie: Name of the land given.
Peasants (censitaire): worked/lived/rented on the land. -
Company of 100 associates
They were given a trade monopoly on fur in New France. The King of France wanted these merchants to bring settlers with them to New France. They failed for multiple reasons. The War between France and Britain. The war caused ships to be attacked by British which prevents settlement. Another reason they failed was because they had to bring settlers which cut into profits and time because they must protect them for a year. Profits went back to the company instead of protecting settlers. -
Trois-Rivieres: 1634
In 1603, while surveying the Saint-Lawrence River, Samuel de Champlain recommended establishing a permanent settlement in the area. -
Ville-Marie: 1642
Seventy years after Cartier, explorer Samuel de Champlain went to Hochelaga. Missionaries Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, Jeanne Mance and a few French colonists set up a mission named Ville Marie on May 17, 1642 -
Jean Talon Intendant
In 1663, Jean Talon Intendant was sent over by King Louis XIV to be in charge of New France. Jean Talon encouraged anybody to come to New France except the Huguenots. To attract new population he offered free land to soldiers if they agreed to stay in New France after their service [Engages and Soldiers]. The other attractions were the Filles du Roi and incentives (Money received for every baby and punishments/fines if you are not married). -
British Regime
The Seven Years’ War (1756 to 1763) brought an end to New France. Louisbourg surrendered to the English in 1758. In 1759, Quebec City was captured by the English. Then the capitulation of Montreal in 1760. From 1760 to 1763, New France was under British Military Rule. In 1763, the Seven Years' war ended in Europe with the Treaty of Paris and New France was ceded to Britain. -
Royal Proclamation 1763
Document signed that officially gave New France to the British. They renamed the territory to the Province of Quebec. English Laws and the Anglican church were introduced to the territory in order to attract British colonists. This meant that Catholicism and French Law were no longer allowed. -
Quebec Act 1774
The province’s territory was expanded. The oath of allegiance was replaced with one that no longer made reference to the Protestant faith. The act guaranteed free practice of the Catholic faith and restored the use of the French civil law for private matters while maintaining the use of the English common law for public administration, including criminal prosecution. -
American Revolution/War of Independence 1775-1783
1776 the Thirteen Colonies officially declared their independence from British Control. Many people still remained loyal to the King of England and chose to come to British North America. -
Constitutional Act 1791
The Act opened up new land to be given to the Loyalists entering Canada. They colonized the Eastern Townships region of the Province of Quebec.Known as Townships, these pieces of square land were offered to the Loyalists tax free. Between 1775 and 1812, about 15 000 loyalists came to British North America. The King split the British North America into Upper Canada (Ontario) mainly English Canadian and Lower Canada (Quebec) mainly French Canadian. -
Act of Union 1840
The French Canadian rebel group called the Patriotes wanted better representation for French speaking people and businessmen but were defeated by the English speaking Canadians. This act united both lower Canada and upper Canada into one territory, Canada. English became the official language. The French now found themselves as a minority. -
The Great Famine
Between 1845 and 1852, there was a period of mass starvation in Ireland. The main food source was potatoes and a disease made the potatoes not fit to eat. Approximately 1 million people died and 1 million emigrated. -
Diversification of Settlement during The Great Famine
While Irish immigrants were primarily Catholic, the English, Welsh, and Scots were mostly protestants. These immigrants gave the French speaking population some cause for Concern. Immigrants were willing to work for lower wages and often took jobs from the Canadiens. Immigrants went to Grosse Ile for a period of Quarantine to make sure they didn’t bring any of their conditions or diseases to the country. -
Confederation 1867
Under the British North America Act, The Provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick, Ontario and Nova Scotia join together to create the Dominion of Canada. -
Prime Minister John A. Macdonald
He was the first Prime Minister of Canada. He helped bring the provinces of Upper and lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick together in 1867 to form Canada. -
Immigration policies from 1867 to 1885
There were nearly 3.4 million people in the Dominion at the time of confederation. In 1871, there was the First Canadian census. Quebec had 1 191 516 inhabitants. More than one million were French Canadians which represented about 30% of the population in the Dominion. Prime Minister John A. Macdonald implemented his National Policy. Among other ideas, he wanted to settle the west of the Dominion through immigration and workers to build the railroad as well. -
The baby boom
After the second world war, the return of the troops and economic prosperity lead to the growth of the population as marriages and births increased. At a fertility rate of 3.84 children per woman, this was the rate before the Great depression in the 1920s and became known as the baby boom. By 1960, 94%women were giving birth in hospitals now compared to only 16% in 1940 this lead to a decrease in the mortality rate. -
The baby boom
There were many changes in society as the average age of the population increased. The state had to invest in hospitals, schools and other public institutions to meet the needs of the growing population. By the late 1960s, with the modernization of QC through the Quiet Revolution, the baby boom ended as many women no longer wanted to have as many children and wanted to have their own jobs -
Immigration after 1950
1952 Immigration act
1962 Government eliminated any criteria that were racially discriminatory
1966/67 “The White Paper” led to a new policy. Criteria now based on skills, knowledge of French and English as well as level of English
1968 Quebec creates its own immigration ministry
1969 Canada would now aid in the settlement of Refugees.
Immigration act of 1976 -
Immigration act of 1952
Immigration act of 1952
Specified the criteria to allow immigrants entry
British subjects, French citizens, U.S residents, and Asians that already had family in Canada were prioritized.
The act also excluded some people. For example Asians without family in Canada, Indians, Pakistanis and Sri Lankans.
These criteria were enforced depending on needs. -
The Charter of the French language (“Bill 101”)
This bill protected the French language in Quebec and made it so immigrant children had to go to French school. -
Immigration act of 1976
Immigration act of 1976
Main objectives;
Encourage population growth
Enrich cultural heritage
Facilitate family reunions
Facilitate the adaptation of new residents into society
Selection with non-discriminatory criteria
Maintain humanitarian attitude towards refugees -
Quebec Government policies after 1980
Office de garde a l’enfance (1980)
Tax breaks for having children (1986)
CPEs (Centre de la petite Enfance) (1997) and 5$ a day daycare (now 7$)
QPIP- Quebec Parental Insurance Plan (2005)
