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St. Louis Educational Museum Opens
St. Louis Museum SchoolThe first school museum was established by the St. Louis School Board after the Louisiana Purchase Exhibition. Carl Rathman, Asst. Superintendant believed that the use of the artifacts from the exposition would have an impact on the district's curriculum by offering students the opportunity to handle raw materials and industrial products of a country. Information about the countries climate, occupations, and industrial products through the study of photographs and lantern slides. -
Department of Visual Instruction Established
The National Education Association establishes the DVI as educators become interested in using lantern slide projectors, stereograph viewers and motion pictures for instruction. -
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Visual Instruction Movement
The use of lantern slide projectors, stereograph viewers and the motion picture devices became increasingly popular in schools. -
DVI merges with NAVI and VIAA
The merging of these professionial organizations is considered a significant event in the emerging Audiovisual Instruction Movement. -
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Audiovisual Instruction Movement
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Division of Visual Aids for War Training
The U.S. Government oversaw the production of 457 training films during this period. -
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World War II and the AV Movement
The U.S. Military produced more than 400 training films and 600 filmstrips during this period. WWII Training Film -
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The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching
B.F. Skinner's Teaching Machines
B.F. Skinner's article paved the way for the Programmed Instruction Movement. The article outlined requirements for effective instructional materials. -
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Programmed Instruction Movement
The development of learning objectives (behavioral outcomes) became the building blocks of instructional design. -
Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
Bloom's taxonomy classified learning objectives and created a hierarchy based on cognitive domains. -
Formative and Summative Evaluations
The launching of Sputnik jumpstarted government funding of math and science education. The initial failure of the materials that were developed led to the development of formative evaluation (assessment during the learning process) and the contrasting idea of summative evaluation (assessment of the final learning outcome). -
Critereon Referenced Testing Movement Begins
Critereon-Referenced InstructionDifferent from norm-referenced testing, critereon-referrenced testing measures the achievement of learners on based on how well one can perform a set objective(s). -
Task Analysis Methodology
After WWII, psychologists began working on ways to solve instructional problems. Robert Miller developed a detailed task analysis methodology. The work of pioneers in this field is summarized in Psychological Principles in System Development, edited by Gagne -
The Conditions of Learning
Gagne describes 5 domains of learning outcomes; verbal information, intellectual skills, psychomotor skills, attitudes and cognitive strategies. He also describes the "9 events" that are crucial for learning. -
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Use of Computers for Instructional Purposes
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Use of Computers in K-12
At this time, computers were being used in over 40% of elementary schools and more than 75% of all secondary schools in the U.S. -
Human Performance Improvement Movement
The field of instructional design began to focus on "On the Job Training" and business results. The constructivist movement introduced the concept of creating "authentic" learning activities to instructional design. -
E-Learning
E-Learning is a broad term that encompasses a range of technology-based learning experiences. With rapidly increasing technological capabilities, E-Learning is morphing in many directions. -
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E-Learning
