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In 1803, a congressional act was passed that provided financial assistance to a New Hampshire that had been devestated by fire. This was the first example of the federal government becoming involved in a local disaster.
After this incident, Franklin Roosevelt was the first president who used government to stimulate economy and make significant investment in emergency management functions -
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During the 1930s, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and Bureau of Public Roads were given authority to make disaster loans available for repair and reconstruction of certain public facilities after disasters.
Tennessee Valley Authority was crated during this time to reduce flooding in the region. -
Flood Control Act of 1934 gave U.S. Army Corps of Engineers increased authority to design and build flood-control projects.
This act reflected the philosophy that humans could control nature, thereby eliminating the risk of floods. -
World War II ends
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Starting from the end of the WW II, Cold War shaped the governments perception of hazards threat.
Civil defense programs proliferated across communities during the Cold War era.
Almost every community had a civil defense director, and some states had civil defense representatives in their government hierarchy,
Federal Support: Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) was created to support local civil defense efforts. Their main goal was to provide technical assistance. -
Hurricane Hazel hit Virginia and N. Carolina
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For more details
Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization was created as a result of merger of Office of Defense Mobilization and Federal Civil Defense Administration. -
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As with previous disasters, the response was passage of ad hoc legislations for funds.
Congressional interested was prompted by the unavailability of flood protection insurance on the standard homeowner policy. These discussions eventually led to the passage of the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 which created the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).
This also introduced the concept of community based mitigation in pre disaster phase. -
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NFIP became mandatory for homeowner loans
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With the enactment of the Disaster Relief Act of 1794, Housing and Urban Development became the lead agency for managing natural disasters through NFIP under FIA and Federal Disaster Assistance Administration.
Defense Civil Preparedness Agency and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers were responsible for the military side of emergencies and crises. -
President Carter transmitted to Congress the Reorganization Plan Number 3. The intent of this plan was to consolidate emergecy preparedness, mitigation, and response activities under one federal emergency management organization.
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The accident fastened the process of creation of FEMA.
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John Macy was appointed as the chief of FEMA.
Macy's task was to unify an organization that was not only phisically but also philophically seperated.
Macy focused on the new concept called Integrated Emergency Management System (IEMS). This is the beginning of All Hazards Approach in EM. -
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President Reagan appointed Louis Guiffrida as the FEMA director.
Guiffrida focused on Nuclear Attack Planning throughout his term as the director of FEMA. -
The stafford Act is put into effect which specified responsibilities that were delegated in the instance of a federally madated disaster.
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Tom Ridge
Michael Chertoff
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